Biol 430 - Brain & Nervous System

Front 1

Functions of CSF

Back 1

Protects brain & spinal cord from injury (shock absorption)

Circulates nutrients filtered from blood

Removes waste from brain

Front 2

Structures of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Back 2

Astrocytes & Pericytes surround blood vessels of the brain & spinal cord, helping to control influx/efflux of chemicals

Microglia are specialized immune system cells that patrol the brain & spinal cord who look for & remove invaders, damaged cells, or cancerous cells

Front 3

Brain Stem functions

Back 3

Front 4

Brain Stem structures

Back 4

Front 5

What are the functions of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Back 5

In human biology, believed to play a role in many important functions, including sleep and waking, behavioral motivation, breathing, and the beating of the heart.

Front 6

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Back 6

Coordinates/regulates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity

Stores learned motor movement

Front 7

What is the function of the thalamus?

Back 7

Relays sensory info from sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed (switchboard)

Front 8

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Back 8

Responsible for motivational behaviors (e.g., hunger, thirst)

Maintain constant body temperature

Controls pituitary gland, which is the master gland that controls other endocrine glands in the body

Front 9

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Back 9

Controls involuntary body functions that sustain life (e.g., breathing, swallowing, heart rate)

Helps transfer neural messages from the brain to the spinal cord

Front 10

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebellum?

Back 10

Front 11

Somatosensory Cortex function & location

Back 11

Location:

Posterior to the central sulcus, it's made up of right & left lobes which are connected in the middle by the corpus colossum.

Function:

Receives all sensory input from the body.

Front 12

Primary Motor Cortex function & location

Back 12

Location:

Anterior to the central sulcus, back of frontal lobe, just about at the top of the head

Function:

Generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement

Front 13

Pre-frontal Area function & location

Back 13

Function:

Part of brain that gives human beings much of their intelligence & problem solving ability because its ability to process both current environment & past memories

Front 14

Broca's Area function & location

Back 14

Speech production, language processing

Front 15

Wernicke's Area function & location

Back 15

Comprehension of speech

Front 16

Primary Visual Cortex function & location

Back 16

Location: Posterior of Occipital Lobe

Function:

Photoreception; central processing of visual information

Front 17

Primary auditory area function & location

Back 17

Function:

Sound information processed, including:

- Frequency

- Location

- Volume

Front 18

Visual association area function & location

Back 18

Location:

Directly anterior to the Primary Visual Cortex on the Occipital Lobe

Function:

Complex processing of visual information

Front 19

Auditory association area function & location

Back 19

Function:

Complex processing of auditory info; allows you to recognize a particular sound as speech, music, or noise

Front 20

What is a commissural tract?

Back 20

Connects LEFT & RIGHT hemispheres of the brain (e.g., corpus collosum)

Front 21

What is an association tract?

Back 21

Connect 1 gyrus to another in the SAME HEMISPHERE (e.g., Cingulum)

Front 22

What is a projection tract?

Back 22

Connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord and other lower brain structures

Run VERTICALLY - convey sensory and motor information

Front 23

Structures of the basal ganglia (basal nuclei)

Back 23

Front 24

What is the function of the Caudate Nucleus?

Back 24

Storing & processing memories

Using past to determine future action

Language control

Front 25

What is the function of the Globus Pallidus?

Back 25

Regulation of voluntary movement

Front 26

What is the function of the Putamen?

Back 26

Aids smooth, predictable movement of limbs

Front 27

What is Parkinson's & what are the symptoms?

Back 27

Parkinson’s disease affects the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine

Symptoms:

- Muscle rigidity

- Tremors

- Changes in speech & gait

Front 28

Whydoes L-Dopa improve the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

Back 28

Nerve cells use L-Dopa to make dopamine to replenish the brain's dwindling supply

Front 29

Cerebrum

Back 29

"Seat of intelligence"

Reading, writing, speaking

Front 30

Cerebral Cortex

Back 30

Grey matter on outer seat of cerebellum

Front 31

Gyrus

Back 31

Ridge/fold between 2 clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain

Front 32

Sulcus

Back 32

Groove/furrow between folds

Front 33

Longitudinal fissure

Back 33

Separates the cerebrum into RIGHT & LEFT halves

Contains falx cerebri

Front 34

Central sulcus

Back 34

Separates the FRONTAL LOBE & the PARIETAL LOBE

Front 35

Precentral gyrus

Back 35

Contains PRIMARY MOTOR area of CEREBRAL CORTEX;

Immediately anterior to central sulcus

Front 36

Postcentral gyrus

Back 36

Contains PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY area of CERBRAL CORTEX;

Immediately posterior to central sulcus

Front 37

Lateral sulcus

Back 37

Separates FRONTAL LOBE from TEMPORAL LOBE

Front 38

Parieto-occipito sulcus

Back 38

Separates PARIETAL LOBE from POSTERIOR OCCIPITAL LOBE

Front 39

Frontal lobe

Back 39

Controls important cognitive skills;

Motor association area

Front 40

Prefrontal cortex

Back 40

Involves planning & a person's response to complex problems

Front 41

Primary motor cortex

Back 41

Plan & execute movement;

Precentral gyrus

Front 42

Parietal lobe

Back 42

Sensation & perceptions

Front 43

Primary somatosensory area

Back 43

Receive nerve impulses for touch, pressure, pain, & temperature

Front 44

Primary gustatory area

Back 44

Receive impulses for taste (taste perception)

Front 45

Primary visual area (of occipital lobe)

Back 45

Receives visual input

Front 46

Visual association area (of occipital lobe)

Back 46

Interprets visual input

Front 47

Temporal lobe

Back 47

Understanding speech;

Lies directly deep to temples

Front 48

Primary auditory area

Back 48

Receives auditory info;

Basic & higher functions of hearing

Front 49

Auditory association area

Back 49

Interprets acoustic signals as speech, music, or other sound

Front 50

Primary olfactory area

Back 50

Olfactory perception

Front 51

Insula

Back 51

"Island;"

Integrates ANS info

Front 52

Amygdala

Back 52

Emotions (response to anger);

Survival instincts

Front 53

Hippocampus

Back 53

Regulate emotion;

Memory & orientation

Front 54

Olfactory bulb

Back 54

Responsible for sense of smell

Front 55

Basal nuclei

Back 55

Initiation & termination of movement

Front 56

Claustrum

Back 56

Essential in multisensory integration

Front 57

Internal capsule

Back 57

White matter projection fibers;

Contains both ascending & descending axons

Front 58

External capsule

Back 58

White matter projection fibers;

High concentration of motor & sensory projection fibers

Front 59

Extreme capsule

Back 59

White matter projection fibers between Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas (Role in language?)

Front 60

Choroid plexus

Back 60

Produces CSF

Front 61

Lateral ventricle

Back 61

Contains & circulates CSF

Front 62

Interventricular foramen

Back 62

Connects ventricles & allows passage of CSF

Front 63

3rd Ventricle

Back 63

Contains & circulates CSF

Front 64

Cerebral aquaduct

Back 64

Transfers CSF from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

Front 65

Median aperature

Back 65

Drains CSF from 4th Ventricle to Cisterna Magna

Front 66

Lateral aperature

Back 66

Drains CSF from 4th Ventricle into Cerebellopontine angle cistern

Front 67

Subarachnoid space

Back 67

Contains blood vessels (that supply brain) & CSF;

Helps cushion brain from injury;

Part of BBB

Front 68

Central canal

Back 68

CSF-filled space that runs length of spinal cord

Front 69

Arachnoid villi (AKA - Arachnoid granulation)

Back 69

Small protrusions in arachnoid mater through dura mater that allows CSF to exit subarachnoid space to blood stream

Front 70

Thalamus

Back 70

Involved with motor control;

Receives/relay signals to/from cerebral cortex (switchboard);

Controlling sleep/wake cycle

Front 71

Intermediate mass

Back 71

Connection between right & left portions

Front 72

Optic nerve

Back 72

Visual pathway

Front 73

Optic chiasma

Back 73

Visual pathway

Front 74

Optic tract

Back 74

Visual pathway

Front 75

Anterior commisure

Back 75

Commissural fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

Front 76

Posterior commisure

Back 76

Commisural fibers crossing the midline bilateral;

Involved in light touch

Front 77

Mammillary body

Back 77

Smell relay, suckling reflex

Front 78

Pineal body (epiphysis)

Back 78

Secretes melatonin;

Regulates endocrine functions;

Body clock

Front 79

Pituitary (hypophysis)

Back 79

Secretes hormones that control endocrine glands for regulation of all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, & homeostasis

Front 80

Substantia nigra

Back 80

Plays role in reward, addiction, & movement via dopamine production

Front 81

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 81

Reflex centers involving vision & hearing

Front 82

Superior colliculi

Back 82

Plays role in helping orient head & eye to all types of sensory stimuli (VISUAL REFLEX)

Front 83

Inferior colliculi

Back 83

Principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway (AUDITORY REFLEX)

Front 84

Pons

Back 84

Helps relay messages from cortex & cerebellum;

Contains breathing centers

Front 85

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Back 85

Connects pons to cerebellum;

Voluntary movement pathway

Front 86

Cerebellum

Back 86

Coordinates & regulates muscular activity

Front 87

Folium

Back 87

Folds of the cerebellum

Front 88

Vermis

Back 88

Posterior fossa in the brain that separates Right & Left;

Works in posture & locomotion

Front 89

Medula oblongata

Back 89

Center for respiration & circulation;

Helps regulate digestion, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, & swallowing

Front 90

Olive (olivary bodies)

Back 90

Proprioception

Front 91

Decussation of the Pyramids

Back 91

Motor tracts of the medulla

Front 92

Falx cerebri

Back 92

Extension of dura mater that separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum

Front 93

Falx cerebelli

Back 93

Extension of dura mater that separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 94

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 94

Extension of dura mater that separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Front 95

Dura mater

Back 95

Most superficial of the 3 meninges composed of dense irregular CT

Front 96

Arachnoid mater

Back 96

Middle of the 3 meninges;

Avascular CT covering

Front 97

Pia mater

Back 97

Innermost of 3 meninges;

Thin transparent areolar CT layer that adheres to surface of spinal cord & brain

Front 98

Epidural space

Back 98

Space between dura mater & wall of vertebral canal

Front 99

Subdural space

Back 99

Space between dura mater & arachnoid mater containing interstitial fluid

Front 100

Subarachnoid space

Back 100

Space between arachnoid mater which cointains CSF;

Shock absorption & suspension system for brain & spinal cord

Front 101

Grey matter

Back 101

Unmyelinated axons, mostly cell bodies

Front 102

White matter

Back 102

Myelinated axons (tracts)

Front 103

Anterior median fissure

Back 103

Wide groove

Front 104

Posterior median sulcus

Back 104

Narrow furrow

Front 105

Anterior white column

Back 105

Somatic motor neurons/axons

Front 106

Posterior white column

Back 106

Somatic sensory neurons/axons

Front 107

Lateral white column

Back 107

Lots of tracts

Front 108

Anterior grey horn

Back 108

Somatic motor neurons/cell bodies

Front 109

Posterior grey horn

Back 109

Somatic sensory neurons/cell bodies (& ANS)

Front 110

Lateral grey horn

Back 110

(Only in thoracic & lumbar)

ANS motor neurons

Front 111

Grey commissure

Back 111

Connects 2 sides of grey matter

Front 112

Central canal

Back 112

Contains CSF

Front 113

Epyndymal cells

Back 113

Line central canal;

Produce & circulate CSF

Front 114

Anterior horn cells

Back 114

Somatic motor neurons

Front 115

Posterior root

Back 115

Contains sensory axons

Front 116

Anterior root

Back 116

Contains motor axons

Front 117

Posterior root ganglion (DRG)

Back 117

Sensory cell bodies

Front 118

Dorsal ramus

Back 118

Mixed nerve (motor & sensory) to POSTERIOR

Front 119

Ventral ramus

Back 119

Mixed nerve (motor & sensory) to ANTERIOR

Front 120

Spinal nerve

Back 120

Mixed nerve

Front 121

Cervical (brachial) enlargement

Back 121

Thickening of spinal cord containing nerves to upper extremities

Front 122

Lumbrosacral (lumbar) enlargement

Back 122

Thickening of spinal cord containing nerves to lower extremities

Front 123

Cauda equina

Back 123

Nerves exiting spinal cord resembling horse's tail

Front 124

Filum terminale

Back 124

Pia matter extension attaching to coccyx

Front 125

Conus medullaris

Back 125

End of spinal cord

Front 126

Nerve of Cervical Plexus (C1-C5)

Back 126

Phrenic nerve

Front 127

Trunks of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)

Back 127

Superior, medium, & inferior trunks

Front 128

Cords of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)

Back 128

Posterior, lateral, & medial cords

Front 129

Lumbar Plexus

Back 129

L1-L5

Front 130

Sacral Plexus

Back 130

L4-S4

(e.g., sciatic nerve)

Front 131

Which cranial nerve exit brain through Telencephalon?

Back 131

(I) Olfactory nerve

Front 132

Which cranial nerves exit brain through Diencephalon?

Back 132

(II) Optic

Front 133

Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mesensephalon midbrain?

Back 133

(III) Occulomotor

(IV) Trochlear

Front 134

Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mesensephalon pons?

Back 134

(V) Trigeminal

(VI) Abducens

(VII) Facial

(VIII) Vestibulochoclear

Front 135

Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mylencephalon medulla?

Back 135

(IX) Glossopharyngeal

(X) Vagus

(XI) Accessory

(XII) Hypoglossal

Front 136

What is the skull exit of the olfactory nerve?

Back 136

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Front 137

What is the skull exit of the optic nerve?

Back 137

Optic foramen

Front 138

Which cranial nerves exit through the Superior Orbial Fissure?

Back 138

(III) Oculomotor

(IV) Trochlear

(V) Trigeminal (opthamalic)

(VI) Abducens

Front 139

Which skull feature does the Trigeminal maxillary cranial nerve exit out of?

Back 139

Foramen rotundum

Front 140

Which skull feature does the Trigeminal madibular cranial nerve exit out of?

Back 140

Foramen ovale

Front 141

Which skull feature does the Facial cranial nerve exit out of?

Back 141

Stylomastoid foramen

Front 142

Which skull feature does the Vestibulochoclear cranial nerve exit out of?

Back 142

Internal acoustic meatus

Front 143

Which cranial nerves exit the skull through the Jugular Foramen?

Back 143

(IX) Glossopharengeal

(X) Vagus

(XI) Accessory

Front 144

Which skull feature does the Hypoglossal cranial nerve exit out of?

Back 144

Hypoglossal cannal

Front 145

What are the stages of the reflex arc?

Back 145

1. Stimulus receptor

2. Sensory neuron

3. Integration center

4. Motor neuron

5. (Reflex) effector

Front 146

Denticulate ligament

Back 146

Ligament that keeps spinal cord aligned horizontally