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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biotech |
tech application of bio knowledge for human purposes |
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Recombinant DNA |
application of cutting, splicing and creating DNA |
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Genetic engineering |
manipulate genetic makeup |
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restriction enzyme |
cut at a specific place |
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plasmids |
(bacterial) amplifies the gene of interest |
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transgenic |
genetic material that is not their own ex: insulin and HGH (organisms), vitamins (plants), |
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bGH |
bovine growth hormone: faster animal growth |
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gene pharming |
introduce human genes into dairy animals so that the proteins can be expressed in the milk |
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gene therapy |
introducing human genes into human cells to treat/correct disease -doesn't change the germ cells |
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gene editing |
permanently correct heritable genes |
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retrovirus |
human gene package (inside own DNA and chromosomes) -embed into a plasmid and then into a liposome option: ejecting naked DNA |
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bacteria with CRIPSPR cas9 |
incorporate viral DNA into their own DNA |
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CRISPR |
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
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Cas 9 |
endonuclease with gRNA to find and cut invading DNA |
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PAM |
where to cut, complementary to foreign DNA |
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sickle cell anemia |
altered hemoglobin, frequent in countries with malaria because it is the only immunity to malaria |
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Paracrine signals |
from one cell to a short distance to the cells nearby (same tissue) *not through the blood |
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Juxtacrine signals |
the signal (ligand) must be in close contact with the the receptor |
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exocrine |
excreted through ducts and into a surface |
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endocrine |
excreted into the blood |
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steroid hormone
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-slower -lipid soluble -looks like cholesterol -activates gene inside to make proteins |
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non-steroidal hormone |
-faster -lipid insoluble, binds on receptors -protein looking -activates on binding site, cAMP sends a message and the cell activity is altered. |
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controlled variable control center effector |
ex: glucose, oxytocin endocrine gland ex:pancreas target tissue ex:pancreas |
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Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells |
-increase blood sugar (breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver) -decrease in blood sugar (storage of fats, conversion of glucose into glycogen) -inhibits secretion of both |
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Hypothalamus |
for homeostasis, links for N and E systems, makes 2 hormones and monitors pituitary gland |
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Pituitary Gland |
-master gland - produces 8 hormones |
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Posterior (posture/back) Gland |
-connected to HTH by neuroendocrine cells -hormones for storage and release (doesnt make its own hormones) -non-steroidal: oxytocin |
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Oxytocin |
nerves in nipple travel up to the neuroendocrine cells, the release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary and through blood to the mammary glands |
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Anterior (A is first) |
-controlled by HTH -releases and inhibits hormones -6 key hormones: Prolactin and GH(2) |
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Prolactin |
Anterior pituitary stimulates milk and mammaries -inhibited by dopamine in hypothalamus |
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GH releasing |
hypothalamus |
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GH inhibiting |
from anterior pituitary (somatostatin) |
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Gigantism Acromegaly Dwarfism |
1. hyper-secretion in childhood 2. hyper-secretion in adults 3. hypo-secretion |
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Diabetes |
Excess of glucose because cells cannot absorb it |
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Type 1 |
5-10%, children genetics, environmental not enough insulin, destruction of beta cells |
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Type 2 |
90-95%, adults lifestyle and exercise resistance to insulin |
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Cell Cycle |
Interphase (18-24hrs) Mitotic Phase (<1hr) |
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Interphase |
G1, S, G2 |
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G1 |
primary growth in size, reproducing organelles, dna is chromatin (unravelled) |
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S |
synthesis of DNA for the next division, unwind and replicate |
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G2 |
final growth, enough to make two, sister chromatids held by a centromere |
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Mitotic phase |
PMAT and cytokinesis, DNA is condensed and pulled apart |
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Prophase |
everything is condensed into the nucleus |
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Metaphase |
chromosomes start lining up |
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Anaphase |
the chromosomes start to split to different sides |
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Telophase |
the uncoiling of the chromosomes, getting ready for splitting |
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cytokinese |
the cytoplasm starts a cleavage furrow and splits to make 2 daughter cells |
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Meiosis I |
homologous pairs separate making 2 unique daughter cells, reduction division |
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Meiosis II |
haploids into haploid again, 4 unique haploid cells |
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Checkpoints |
G1: restriction checkpoint, size, growth damage? if yes then goes into G0 G2: Cell size and DNA replication Interphase: chromosome attachent to spindle |
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Transcription |
in nucleus 2 strand DNA into 1 strand mRNA DNA unwinds (polymerase), RNA nucleotides complement one strand, forms mRNA (with introns and exons) |
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Intron |
edited out of the mRNA |
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Exons |
coding sequence for amino acids to be made |
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translation |
cytoplasm mRNA goes through the ribosome where tRNA brings the corresponding amino acids in the codon (triplet) Initiation, Elongation Termination |
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DNA A C G T |
mRNA RNA U A G C C G A U |
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Codon start and codon stop |
AUG UGA, UAA, UAG |
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point mutations |
missense: replaced nucleotide = different aa nonsense: replaced nucleotide = stops aa silent: replaced nucleotide = same aa |
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insertion and deletion |
insertion: inserts nucleotide, changes sequence that follows deletion: deleted nucleotide, changes sequence that follows |
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duplication and translocation |
duplication: duplicates a segment of the chromosome translocation: genetic material is exchanged with non homologous pairs |
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Enzymes recognize errors |
cut out, replace, reconnect Numerous DNA repair enzymes–Cell cycle phase–The type of DNA damage |
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Differentiation |
based on gene expression cells divide (16-32cells) and exposed to environment (no grow) 8 cells is where theres beginning of specialization |
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Cloning I - embryo splitting |
splitting the 8 celled zygote to make 8 identical individuals |
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Cloning II - nuclear trnasfer |
somatic (diploid) cell is taken and inserted into an enucleated cell, electric current and then implant egg identical to the somatic cell donor |
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Reprogramming influenced cells (epigenetic) |
-from environment or development of earlier cells ( which genes are tight or loose) -open genes needed for development and chemical modification (Histone modification and DNA methylation) |
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Therapeutic Cloning I |
control a cell during differentiation or modify the genome to produce a donatable functioning organ |
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Embryonic stem cells |
produce all cells of the body |
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Common |
Men: PCL Women: BLC tissues that rely on hormones |
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Dangerous |
Men:LCP Women: LBC |
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Cancer vs normal cells |
disease of cell differentiation and division. Normal has an internal clock, hormones, one location and inhibitory signals |
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1. Hyperplasia |
increase in cell division |
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2.Dysplasia |
change in the cell structure |
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3. Benign (in situ) |
one location, can be treated,
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4. Malignant (metastatic) |
cells that have spread, can form else where, leak into blood and lymph |
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Tumour |
discreet mass of cells from hyperplasia |
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Sarcoma |
rare, in the connective tissue, solid |
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Leukemias and Lymphomas |
in the blood and immune system, 8% |
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Carcinomas |
epithelial tissues, 90% |
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Sustained proliferative signalling |
No rate of cell growth (growth factor independent) |
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Evade growth suppressors |
ignores signals |
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Activating invasion and metastasis |
break away from origin and invade a different area |
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Replicative immortality |
Can replicate |
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Angiogenesis |
nutrition |
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Resisting cell death |
evade apoptosis |
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Proto-oncogenes |
normal growth, division, adhesion, survival |
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Oncogenes |
mutated quick growth, division, better survival fails to respond to inhibitory signals |
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1. Point mutation |
low expressed gene becomes mutated and replicated to be expressed higher |
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2. Translocation |
change of cell makeup, fusion protein accelerates growth |
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ErbB2 |
growth factor receptor is mutated, treated with Herceptin |
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Tumour suppressors |
represses cell growth, regulates adhesion and division. If it breaks it can cause cancer |
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p53 |
guardian of the genome, it is a tumour suppressor (beginning of S and G2 phase) |
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BRCA 1/2 |
tumour suppressor for DNA repair (end of S, end of G2 phase |
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contributing factors (disease) |
-bacteria/virus (<15) -HPV (cervical) -HEP B/C (liver -HIV (sarcoma) -EBV (Hodgkins) -Helicobacter (gastro) |
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contributing factors (controlled) |
-tobacco (30%) -alcohol -radiation (Xray, UV) -diet and obesity (30%) red meat: colon, rectum, prostate alcohol: breast, colon, rectal, liver salt: stomach type II: high risk of death |
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internal factors (4) |
-free radicals from metabolism: damage DNA -antioxidants (A,C,E vit) neutralize free radicals (combat antioxidants) -errors in DNA replication -weak immune response |
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Detection |
X rays, MRI, PET genetic test (BRCA 1/2) enzyme test |
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Treatment |
surgery radiation/chemo (cytotoxic) - damages cells starving: angiogenic molecular treatment: target onconogens (Herceptin --> ErB2 |
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cancer stem cells |
dont divide rapidly not effectively killed by things that target rapidly dividing cells renew themselves and rapidly dividing cells |
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reduce risk |
less sun watch diet and weight moderate alcohol dont smoke screening know history |
