Biol 251 Exam 3

Front 1

Mycology

Back 1

Study of fungi

Front 2

Filamentous/fleshy fungi

Back 2

Molds and mushrooms

Front 3

Nonfilamentous

Back 3

Yeasts

Front 4

Thallus

Back 4

Major body of molds, composed of long, thin filaments

Front 5

Hyphae

Back 5

Filaments that compose the thallus

Front 6

Septate hyphae

Back 6

Cross linked walls in hyphae

Front 7

Coenocytic hyphae

Back 7

Molds that lack septate and appear to have one continuous cell with multiple nuclei

Front 8

Vegetative hypha

Back 8

Portion of hypha that is responsible for nutrient absorption

Front 9

Aerial hypha

Back 9

Portion of hypha that is responsible for reproduction

Front 10

Mycelium

Back 10

Hyphae that form a filamentous mass that is visible to the naked eye

Front 11

How do you start a culture of fungi

Back 11

Use the hyphae of a thallus

Front 12

Pseudohypha

Back 12

Short chains of bud cells on yeast

Front 13

Fission of yeast

Back 13

1. Cell elongates

2. organelles are replicated

3. Cell is pinched off at the node, two daughter cells are produced

Front 14

Yeast's relationship to oxygen

Back 14

Facultative anaerobic growth

Front 15

Dimorphism

Back 15

When they can grow as either yeast or molds

Front 16

Conidospore

Back 16

These are spores not enclosed by a sac

Front 17

Sporangiospore

Back 17

Spores which are enclosed by a sac

Front 18

Asexual spores

Back 18

Most common, produced from hyphae

Front 19

Conidiophore

Back 19

The stalk like structure in which conidiospores form off of

Front 20

Sexual reproduction

Back 20

1. Plasmogamy. Donor penetrate recipient

2. Karyogamy. Nuclei fuse together

3. Meiosis. Genetic recombination

Front 21

How do fungi compete with bacteria

Back 21

By living in highly acidic or sugary /salty environments

Front 22

Molds relationship to oxygen

Back 22

Aerobic

Front 23

Mycosis

Back 23

Fungal disease, usually chronic

Front 24

Systematic mycosis

Back 24

Located deep within the body that affect many areas

Front 25

Subcutaneous mycosis

Back 25

Fungal infections under the skin

Front 26

Cutaneous mycosis

Back 26

Fungal infection of epidermis, hair, nails

Front 27

Keratinase

Back 27

Breaks down keratin

Front 28

Dermatophytes

Back 28

Fungus that cause disease, Tolerate skin pH and produce keratinase

Front 29

Innate immunity

Back 29

Nonspecific, immediate response, TLRs, no memory

Front 30

Adaptive immunity

Back 30

specific recognition, delayed response

Front 31

Mucociliary escalator

Back 31

Synchronous movement of respiratory cilia to propel debris in mucus up the throat

Front 32

Sebum

Back 32

Prevents hair from drying out, forms protective film over the skin

Front 33

Perspiration

Back 33

Made by sweat glands to maintain temperature, eliminate waste and wash away microorganisms on skin

Front 34

Lysozymes

Back 34

Enzyme capable of breaking down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall

Front 35

Gastric juice

Back 35

In stomach, contains hydrochloric acid that destroys bacteria and toxins

Front 36

Plasma

Back 36

Fluid portion of blood that contains antibodies

Front 37

Leukocytes

Back 37

White blood cells that participate in immune responses

Front 38

Platelets

Back 38

Cell fragments that allow the body to form blood clots

Front 39

Leukocytosis

Back 39

During infections, white blood cell count increases

Front 40

Leukopenia

Back 40

During infections, white blood cell count decreases

Front 41

Granulocytes

Back 41

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells

Front 42

Agranulocytes

Back 42

Monocytes, lymphocytes, T and B cells

Front 43

Neutrophils

Back 43

Polymorphic, active in initial stages of infection

Front 44

Basophils

Back 44

Call the shots, release histamine for inflammation

Front 45

Eosinophils

Back 45

Eat parasites and cause allergic reactions

Front 46

Monocytes

Back 46

Precursor of the macrophage, have to leave the blood first

Front 47

NK cells

Back 47

Use perforin and granzyme to kill even self cells

Front 48

Phagocytosis

Back 48

Ingestion of a microorganism by a cell

Front 49

TLRs

Back 49

Receptors on a cell that tell it what to attack

Front 50

Inflammation

Back 50

Defensive response to damage caused by a physical or chemical agent

Front 51

Complement system

Back 51

Defensive system consisting of 30+ proteins produced by the liver, inactive until infection

Front 52

Three stages of the complement system

Back 52

1. Cytolysis

2. Inflammation

3. Phagocytosis

Front 53

Interferons

Back 53

Interfere with viral multiplication

Front 54

Transferrins

Back 54

Make iron hard to get

Front 55

Adaptive immunity has two parts

Back 55

Humoral and cellular

Front 56

Humoral immunity

Back 56

Extracellular, B cells - > plasma cells, Mediated by antibodies

Front 57

Cellular immunity

Back 57

Intracellular, CD8 - > CTL, Mediated by T cells

Front 58

Antigens

Back 58

Molecules that cover foreign microbes not recognized as self

Front 59

Epitope

Back 59

Specific region on an antigen that an antibody can recognize

Front 60

Cytokines

Back 60

Chemical messengers

Front 61

Interleukins

Back 61

Communicate between leukocytes

Front 62

Chemokines

Back 62

Induce leukocytes to migrate toward an infected area

Front 63

Clonal selection

Back 63

Lymphocytes will first proliferate, then differentiate into a mature effector cell

Front 64

MHC 1

Back 64

Antigens are found on all body cells except RBCs. Mark host cells as self

Front 65

MHC 2

Back 65

Contain immune cells called antigen presenting cells, stimulate immune response

Front 66

Antigen presentation

Back 66

Antigens processed into fragments and presented to T cells

Front 67

Helper T cells

Back 67

CD4 cells that tell us which immune response to use

Front 68

Antigen presenting cells

Back 68

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Front 69

B cells

Back 69

Humoral, present antigens to T cells

Front 70

Clonal expansion

Back 70

CD4 cells first proliferate, then differentiate, a few become memory cells

Front 71

TH1

Back 71

IL2, produce cytokines that activate cellular immunity

Front 72

TH2

Back 72

Humeral, IL4, Produce cytokines associated with B cells and allergic reactions

Front 73

Clonal deletion

Back 73

Destroys any harmful B cells

Front 74

Affinity

Back 74

Strength of the bond between an antigen and antibody

Front 75

Agglutination

Back 75

When antibodies cause antigens to lump together

Front 76

Opsonization

Back 76

Coating of antigens with antibodies that enhance phagocytosis

Front 77

Neutralization

Back 77

IgG antibodies inactivate viruses by blocking their attachment to host cells and destroy toxins

Front 78

ADCC

Back 78

Ability of antibodies of humeral system and cells of cellular system to stimulate NKs to kill large invaders

Front 79

Hypersensitivity

Back 79

Antigenic response beyond which is normal, allergies

Front 80

Anaphylaxis

Back 80

Reaction caused when certain antigens combine with IgE antibodies

Front 81

T independent antigens

Back 81

Elicit the production of antibodies by B cells without T cell involvement

Front 82

T dependent antigens

Back 82

Requires presence of T Helper cells to stimulate antibody production by B cells

Front 83

Chemotherapy

Back 83

Use of synthetic or naturally derived compounds to combat infectious disease in a living host

Front 84

Antibiotics

Back 84

Naturally occurring substances that kill or inhibit organisms

Front 85

Chemosynthetic agents

Back 85

Synthetic compounds which are selectively toxic to organisms

Front 86

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Back 86

Minimum concentration needed to prevent the replication of a certain microbe

Front 87

Chemotherapeutic index

Back 87

Minimum dose of a drug that is toxic to the host divided by the effective therapeutic dose (want HIGH)

Front 88

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Back 88

Inhibit a large range of G+ and G- bacteria

Front 89

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Back 89

Act only against a few groups of bacteria, penicillin

Front 90

Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

Back 90

Penicillin, cephalosporins, bacitracin, carbapenems, vancomycin, isoniazid

Front 91

Penicillin

Back 91

Only gram +, inhibits crosslinking of peptidoglycan

Front 92

Cephalosporins

Back 92

Gram +&-, alternative to penicillin, damages kidneys

Front 93

Bacitracin

Back 93

Gram +, applied topically, Nephrotoxic

Front 94

Carbapenems

Back 94

Use primaxin and cilastatin, inhibit cell wall synthesis, little side effects

Front 95

Vancomycin

Back 95

Glycopeptide antibiotics, narrow and toxic, gram +, damage to ears and kidneys

Front 96

Isoniazid

Back 96

Inhibits mycolic acid, damages liver

Front 97

Inhibits cell membrane function

Back 97

Polymyxin B

Front 98

Polymyxin B

Back 98

Nephrotoxic, increases Permiability

Front 99

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

Back 99

Aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones

Front 100

Aminoglycosides

Back 100

Bind to 30S ribosome, results in misread mRNA, hearing defects, kidney damage

Front 101

Tetracycline

Back 101

Prevent binding of trna to 30S ribosome, discolors teeth, kidney and liver damage

Front 102

Chloramphenicol

Back 102

Penetrate BBB, last resort, gram +/-, gray syndrome

Front 103

Macrolides

Back 103

Prevents syphilis in babies, used for people with penicillin allergies, liver damage, gastrointestinal distress

Front 104

Lincosamides

Back 104

Binds to 50S ribosome and prevents elongation, gram +&-, pseudomembranosus colitis

Front 105

Streptogramins

Back 105

Bind to 50S ribosome, causing premature chain termination, muscle aches, rash, headache

Front 106

Oxazilidinones

Back 106

Binds to 50S ribosome, inhibits initiation of protein chain formation, toxic to mitochondria

Front 107

Inhibit nucleic acids

Back 107

Sulfonamides, floroquinolones, rifampin

Front 108

Sulfonamides

Back 108

Inhibit folic acid synthesis, damage kidneys and liver

Front 109

Floroquinolones

Back 109

Inhibit DNA gyrase in DNA replication, affects cartilage development, gastrointestinal distress, allergies

Front 110

Rifampin

Back 110

Inhibits rna synthesis, always with isoniazid, liver damage, gastrointestinal distress