Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How are exocrine glands classified? |
By mode of secretion number of cells Morphology of gland |
|
|
Modes of Secretion: Merocrine |
Product released by exocytosis |
|
|
Modes of Secretion: Aprocrine |
Apical portion of cytoplasm of cell becomes packed with secretory vesicles containing product and is then shed |
|
|
Modes of Secretion: Holocrine |
The entire cell becomes packed with secretions and bursts apart |
|
|
Unicellular glands/Multicellular glands |
composed of only one cell composed of more than one cell |
|
|
Goblet cells |
Unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucus that protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces |
|
|
What are the 2 basic parts that make up multicellular glands? |
1. Epithelium-walled duct: conducts secretion to the surface of the epithelium 2. Secretory Unit: cells are specialized for secretion |
|
|
What are the most diverse and abundant tissues in the human body? |
Connective tissues |
|
|
What do all connective tissue derive from? |
A common embryonic origin, embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
|
|
|
General connective tissue characteristics |
- cells are specialized and separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix - often underlies epithelial tissues - highly vascularized (lots of blood supply) and richly innervated (supplied with nerves) |
|
|
What is extracellular matrix composed of? |
A ground substance and protein fibers |
|
|
Connective Tissue Functions |
- structural framework of the body - fluid and solute transport throughout the body - physical protection - tissue interconnection and binding - fat storage - microorganism defense |
|
|
Connective Tissue (c.t.) equation |
c.t. = cells + extracellular matrix |
|
|
Extracellular matrix composition (ECM) equation |
ECM = protein fibers + ground substance |
|
|
Connective Tissues are made up of what? |
cells, fibers, and ground substance |
|
|
Fibroblast |
cells that produce the protein portion of the extracellular matrix and secrete molecules that form the ground substance |
|
|
Chondroblast |
In cartilage, specialized cells secrete the extracellular matrix (while in bone called osteoblasts) FIBROBLASTS |
|
|
Fibrocytes |
Cells that are no longer secreting matrix; instead they maintain and repair existing extracellular matrix |
|
|
Chondrocytes |
In cartilage, specialized maintenance cells (while in bone called osteocytes) FIBROCYTES |
|
|
Macrophages |
cells that phagocytize (engulf and destroy) pathogens, cell debris, and other foreign material |
|
|
Adipocytes (fat cells) |
Resident cells that fill with liquid fat to store nutrients and have nuclei flattened and pushed to one side of the fat droplet |
|
|
Mast cells |
promote inflammation in response to infection or allergic reactions |
|
|
What is the extracellular matrix produced by and composed of? |
1. fibroblasts 2. ground substance and protein fibers |
|
|
Ground Substance |
Hydrophilic substance in which the cells and protein fibers are embedded. Usually syrupy consistency, but ground substance can vary in consistency |
|
|
Protein fibers |
Provide support in the extracellular matrix |
|
|
3 types of protein fibers in extracellular matrix |
Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers |
|
|
Collagen fibers |
Strongest and most abundant fibers that resist tension and provide flexibility to tissues |
|
|
Reticular fibers |
Mesh-like network of protein fibers that provide tissue flexibility and support structures within |
|
|
Elastic Fibers |
Contain elastin that has the ability to stretch and then recoil |
|
|
4 broad classes of connective tissues |
1. Connective tissue proper: syrupy consistency to the ground substance 2. Cartilage: gelatinous consistency to the ground substance 3. Bone: crystalized consistency to the ground substance 4. Blood: liquid consistency to the ground substance |
|
|
What is connective tissue proper characterized by? |
A syrupy ground substance and the presence of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, and adipocytes |
|
|
Loose connective tissues |
Protein fibers are present but they are separated from one another by ground substance - areolar connective tissue - adipose connective tissue - reticular connective tissue |
|
|
Dense connective tissues |
Protein fibers are densely packed with little ground substance between them - dense irregular connective tissue - dense regular connective tissue - elastic connective tissue |
|
|
Areolar Connective Tissue Functions |
- wraps and cushions organs - holds and conveys tissue fluid - important role in inflammation - main defense site against infection (highly regenerative!) |
|
|
Areolar Connective Tissue Locations |
- widely distributed under epithelia - packages organs |
|
|
Adipose Connective Tissue Functions |
- provides reserve food fuel - insulates against heat loss - supports and protects organs |
|
|
Adipose Connective Tissue Locations |
- under skin - around kidneys - within abdomen and in breasts |
|
|
Reticular Connective Tissue Functions |
Forms a soft, internal skeleton for lymphoid organs that supports other cell types |
|
|
Reticular Connective Tissue Locations |
- lymph nodes - spleen |
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Functions |
- withstands tension from many directions - provides structural strength (highly regenerative!) |
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Locations |
- dermis of skin - fibrous capsules of joints and organs |
|
|
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Functions |
- attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments) - withstands great stress in one direction |
|
|
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Locations |
- tendons - ligaments |
|
|
Elastic Connective Tissue Functions |
Allows recoil after stretching |
|
|
Elastic Connective Tissue Locations |
- within walls of arteries - surrounding bronchial tubes |
|
|
What is cartilage characterized by? |
A firm, flexible gel matrix containing mostly water and protein fibers |
|
|
What are the specialized cells found in cartilage? |
Chondroblasts (immature cells that lay down new extracellular matrix in cartilage) and Chondrocytes (mature cells that maintain the extracellular matrix in cartilage) |
|
|
What are cartilages? |
Avascular and non-innervated so it is only weakly regenerative |
|
|
3 types of cartilage |
1. hyaline cartilage 2. elastic cartilage 3. fibrocartilage |
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage Functions |
- supports and reinforces - resists repetitive stress |
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage Locations |
- fetal skeleton - ends of long bones - costal cartilage of ribs |
|
|
Elastic Cartilage Functions |
- maintains shape of structure - allows great flexbility |
|
|
Elastic Cartilage Locations |
- supports external ear - epiglottis |
|
|
Fibrocartilage Functions |
Resists Compression Absorbs Shock |
|
|
Fibrocartilage Locations |
- Intervertebral Discs - Discs of Knee Joints |
|
|
What is bone characterized by? |
A hard, calcified extracellular matrix through which many collagen fibers run |
|
|
What are the specialized cells found within bone? |
Osteoblast (immature cells that secrete the extracellular matrix) and Osteocytes (mature cells that maintain the bone matrix) |
|
|
2 types of bones |
Compact and Spongy |
|
|
What is blood? |
An atypical connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by nonliving, liquid matrix (plasma) |
|
|
Blood Functions |
- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes |
|
|
Blood Locations |
- within blood vessels |
|
|
4 types of membranes |
1. Cutaneous: skin; designed to secrete sweat and oil 2. Mucosa: line hollow organs that open to the surface of the body; designed to secrete mucus 3. Serous: line closed ventral cavities; designed to secrete serous fluid 4. Synovial: line the joint cavity between adjacent bones; designed to secrete synovial fluid |
|
|
What are the 2 layers of serous membrane |
Parietal layer: will always line the body cavity wall Visceral layer: will lie directly on the organ |
|
|
What do these line? 1. Pleural Membranes 2. Pericardial Membranes 3. Peritoneal Membranes |
1. Lungs 2. Heart 3. Organs of the abdominopelvic cavity |
|
|
What is muscle tissue characterized of? |
An abundance of muscle cells (muscle fibers) with an elongated shape that are specialized to contract or shorten |
|
|
3 types of muscle tissue |
1. skeletal muscle tissue 2. cardiac muscle tissue 3. smooth muscle tissue |
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Functions |
- Voluntary Movement - Manipulation of environment - Facial Expression |
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Locations |
skeletal muscles attached to bones |
|
|
What is skeletal muscle tissue composed of? |
Long, cylindrical muscle cells that are multinucleated and contain obvious striations (alternating pattern of light and dark staining) |
|
|
Specialized Junctions |
Cardiac Muscle fibers interconnect at intercalated discs (complex junctions containing desmosome-type junctions and gap junctions that allow ions to pass between cells, transmitting the contraction signal from one cell to the next) |
|
|
Cardiac muscle tissue composed of? |
Branching muscle cells with striations and usually one nucleus |
|
|
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Function/Location |
- Contracts involuntarily to propel blood - Occurs in walls of heart |
|
|
What is smooth muscle tissue composed of? |
Spindle-shaped cells with one central nucleus and no striations. Arranged closely to form sheets |
|
|
Smooth Muscle Tissue Functions/Location |
1. propels substances along internal passageways by alternately contracting and relaxing 2. involuntary control - mostly walls of hollow organs |
|
|
Nervous tissue characterized by? |
An abundance of neurons and neuroglial cells with minimal connective tissue support |
|
|
Neurons |
Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct electrical impluses |
|
|
Neuroglial Cells |
Supporting cells that nourish, isolate and protect neurons |
|
|
Nervous Tissue Functions/Location |
1. Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors 2. Integrate Information 3. Transmit Electrical Signals to Effectors - Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves |
