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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteria can take many... |
Bacteria can take many different shapes. |
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What are the 5 main shapes of bacteria? |
1) spherical 2) rod shaped 3) comma-shaped 4) spiral 5) pleiomorphic |
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Bacterial "" is generally not a good predictor of... |
Bacterial cell morphology is generally not a good predictor of physiology, ecology, or phylogeny. |
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Bacterial Morphology may be determined by... A few examples are (3) |
Bacterial morphology can be determined by selective forces (environment cells live in) A few examples are: 1) nutrient uptake efficiency (surface-to-volume ratio) 2) spirals allow efficient swimming in viscous or turbulent fluids. 3) gliding motility (filaments) |
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Bacteria can also assume... Three examples are... (Give brief descriptions aswell) |
Bacteria can also assume multicellular organizations. Three examples are: 1) hyphae (branching filaments of cells) 2) mycelia (tufts of hyphae - 3D structure of combined hyphae) 3: trichomes (smooth, unbranched chains of cells) |
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Prokaryotes ("" and "") are "" to >"" in diameter. |
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archea) are 0.1um to > 700 um in diameter. |
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Most rod shaped bacteria are between "" - "" wide and ""-"" long. |
Most rod shaped bacteria are between 0.5 um - 4.0 um wide and 1-15 um long. |
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There are very few "" prokaryotes. |
There are very few LARGE prokaryotes. |
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Eukaryotic cells range from "" to "" in size. (most eukaryotic....) |
Eukaryotic cells range from 10 um to >200 um in size. (most eukaryotic cells are bigger than bacterial) |
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The minimum size of bacteria is simply due to... |
The minimum size of bacteria is simply due to minimal size requirements for genome, proteins, and ribosomes. |
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There are exceptions to the... Of bacterial cells. |
There are exceptions to the general size of bacterial cells. |
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"" can grow up to 700 um in diameter. However, the middle of this cell is only "". |
Thiomargarine namibiensis can grow up to 700 um in diameter. However, the middle of this cell is only vacuoles. |
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"" can grow up to ""-"" um in width and 80 um long. This cell is located in the.... Thus, it can access... Finally, "" has many copies of... So it can... |
Epulopiscium fishelsoni can grow up to 200-700 um in width and 80 um long. This cell is located in the gut of fish. Thus, it has access to lots of nutrients to get big. Finally, Epulopiscium fishelsoni has many copies of genomes spread throughout the cell so it can adapt to being very large. |
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What are the five features of the Epulopiscium fishelsoni bacteria? |
1) Epulopiscium fishelsoni is located in the gut of tropical surgeon fish. 2) Epulopiscium fishelsoni is not cultured 3) Epulopiscium fishelsoni is identified by 16s rRNA sequence. 4) Epulopiscium fishelsoni is related to clostridium. 5) epulopiscium fishelsoni is 700 um long compared to eukaryotic paramecium: 75 um. |
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What are the advantaged for bacteria being small (4 features) |
1) higher surface-to-volume ratio 2) greater ratio of nutrient/waste exchange per unit volume. 3) supports higher metabolic rate. 4) supports faster growth rate, faster evolution. |
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One limit for bacteria being small is that size reduction is restrained by... |
One limit for bacteria being small is that size reduction is restrained by the minimum complement of cellular structures. |
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It is very unlikely for bacteria to have diameters < "" . |
It is very unlikely for bacteria to have diameters < 0.15 um. |
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"Very small" bacterial cells are common in ... These cells usually have sizes from "" to "". |
"Very small" bacterial cells are common in open marine environments and ground water. These cells usually have sizes from 0.2 um to 0.4 um. |
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The largest area of bacterial cytoplasm is the...(not a ""). |
The largest area of bacterial cytoplasm is the nucleoid region (not a nucleus) |
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The nucleoid region of the bacterial cell houses the.... And... |
The nucleoid region of the bacterial cell houses the chromosome(s) and DNA replication machinery. |
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What are the 3 mechanisms used to compress DNA within the Bacterial Nucleoid? (To make DNA fit into Nucleoid) |
1) The use of cations (Mg2+, K+, Na+) to shield negative charges on sugar-phosphate (PO4-) backbone. 2) small, positively charged proteins (histone like proteins) bind to the chromosome to maintain condensed structure. 3) Topoisomerases modify structure of DNA to enable "supercoiling". |
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There are no "" surrounding the nucleoid. |
There are no membranes surrounding the nucleoid. |
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There are no "" found within the nucleoid (like those found in Archea and Eukaryotes) |
There are no histone proteins found within the nucleoid (like those found in Archea and Eukaryotes) |
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The remainder of bacterial cytoplasm (besides the nucleoid) is... |
The remainder of bacterial cytoplasm (besides the nucleoid) is a stew of macromolecules ( tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, proteins, ribosomes, etc...) |
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There may also be "" and "" present within the bacterial cytoplasm. It is rare to see "". |
There may also be inclusion bodies and microcompartments present within the bacterial cytoplasm. It is rare to see microcompartments. |
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"" is a "" molecule associated with sulfur storage... |
Sulfur globules is a membrane-bound molecule associated with sulfur storage for energy. |
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"" is a molecule associated with carbon storage. Also abbreviated as "". |
Polyhydroxybutyrate granule is a molecule associated with carbon storage. Also abbreviated as PHP. |
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"" is a "" with a ""coating used for buoyancy control. Additionally, ... |
Gas vesicles is a Bacterial Organelle with a protein coating and are used for buoyancy control. Additionally, gas vesicles make bacteria float when filled and shrink when deflated. |
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"" is a "" with a "" and is where carbon fixation reactions occur ( not very efficient).
The most abundant enzymes in the world is "" and is found in "" (cyanobacteria) |
Carboxysomes is a Bacterial Organelle with a protein coating and is where carbon fixation occurs (not very efficient).
The most abundant enzymes in the world is RUBICO and is found in carboxysomes. (cyanobacteria) |
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(Some bacteria) "" are organelles associated with direction finding ( they sense...). They are like... They are composed as "" usually with "" - "" in a row. |
Magnetosomes are organelles associated with direction finding (they sense the magnetic poles of the earth and move in that direction). They are like compasses for the bacterial cell. They are composed as straight rods within cell usually with 16-20 in a row. |
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The bacterial cytoskeleton is a series... |
The bacterial cytoskeleton is a series of internal proteins. |
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The bacterial cytoskeleton assists... |
The bacterial cytoskeleton assists in keeping everything in the right place. |
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Some cytoskeleton proteins are involved in... During.... Two examples are... (what are they homologs of ?) |
Some cytoskeleton proteins are involved in cell wall synthesis during cell division. Two examples are: FtsZ - homolog of tubulin - microtubules MreB - homolog of actin - microfilaments |
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"" (cytoskeleton protein involved in cell wall synthesis during cell division) is related to.... And is not found in.. Also, it determines... |
MreB (cytoskeleton protein involved in cell wall synthesis during cell division) is related to actin and is not found in cocci. Also, it determines the diameter. Provides structure aswell. |
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Other cytoskeletal proteins are involved in... (Besides cell wall synthesis) Two examples are.... |
Other cytoskeletal proteins are involved in moving internal items. Two examples are: - ParM - ParR |
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Cell Envelope (bacteria) is defined as..... Which includes.... |
Cell Envelope (bacteria) is defined as all layers surrounding the cytoplasm of cells , which includes the cell membrane (plasma membrane), cell wall, and outer membrane (if present). |
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All cells have a... (Outer protection layer) |
All cells have a plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane. |
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The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell separates... (Function) |
The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. |
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The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell is usually composed of...... With.... |
The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell is usually composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. |
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The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell has a "" core and a "" surface which interacts with either.... Or.... |
The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane of a cell has a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic surface which interacts with either the external environment or the cytoplasm. |
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The phospholipid can be chemically variable because of... |
The phospholipid can be chemically variable because of changes in fatty acid groups attached to a glycerol backbone. |
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The phospholipid molecule is chemically connected by.... |
The phospholipid molecule is chemically connected by ester linkages. |
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The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane may have (some bacteria, but not all) a "" molecule called "" in order to help.... |
The plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane may have (some bacteria, but not all) a sterol-like molecule called hopanoids in order to help with stability across temperature ranges. |
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(Items crossing plasma membrane) "" and "" are molecules which are "" and can "". |
(Items crossing plasma membrane) 02 and CO2 are molecules which are small and can diffuse across readily. |
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(Items crossing plasma membrane) H2O is helped across the plasma membrane by.... |
(Items crossing plasma membrane) H2O is helped across the plasma membrane by aquaporin protein channels (osmosis). |
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In Facilitated diffusion and co-transport ("" and "") Protein channels move "" with... Thus, no... Is required. |
In Facilitated diffusion and co-transport (Symport and Antiport) Protein channels move particles with a concentration gradient. Thus, no energy is required. |
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In Active transport across the plasma membrane, the protein transporter move "" AGAINST... Thus, "" is required. |
In Active transport across the plasma membrane, the protein transporter moves particles AGAINST a concentration gradient. Thus, energy input is required. |
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Protein Secretion is defined as.... And uses....in order to function properly. |
Protein Secretion is defined as shipping proteins outside the cell and uses ATP energy in order to function properly. |
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Briefly describe the " Capturing Energy" feature of the bacterial plasma membrane. (3) |
Briefly describe the "" Capturing Energy" feature of the bacterial plasma membrane. (3) 1) electron transport chains create proton motive force (PMF) 2) plasma membranes can be used for respiration/photosynthesis. 3) plasma membrane can be used to derive energy for motion (flagella). |
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Briefly describe the "Holding Sensory Systems" function of the Bacterial Plasma membrane. (1) |
Briefly describe the "Holding Sensory Systems" function of the Bacterial Plasma membrane. (1) Embedded proteins within the plasma membrane can detect environment changes and alter genetic expression as a response. |
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(Role of plasma membrane) The bacterial plasma membranes is a "" barrier but not a "" barrier. |
(Role of plasma membrane) The bacterial plasma membrane is permeability barrier but not a structural barrier. |
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What is the 2 main functions of the bacterial cell wall? |
What is the 2 main functions of the bacterial cell wall? 1) cell wall gives cells their shape 2) cell wall protects cells from osmotic lysis/ mechanical forces. |
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The bacterial cell wall is a... |
The bacterial cell wall is a matrix of crosslinked strands of peptidoglycan subunits. |
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What are the three peptidoglycan subunits ? (Used to make bacterial cell wall) |
1) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) 2) small peptide chain (linked to NAM) 3) N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) |
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(Cell wall subunits) Based on the bacterial species, the "" and "" vary. |
(Cell wall subunits) Based on the bacterial species, the peptides and peptide crosslinks vary. |
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Several of the amino acids found associate with NAM ("") within "" are unusual "" forms. |
Several of the amino acids found associated with NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) within peptidoglycan are unusual D forms. |
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D forms are .... |
D forms are stereoisomers (mirror images) of the L forms normally found in biological proteins. |
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The bacterial cell wall can be "" using "" and "" secretions. |
The bacterial cell wall can be degraded using lysozyme and lysostaphin secretions. |
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Without the cell wall, the cell cant resist... |
Without the cell wall, the cell cant resist osmotic pressure changes. |
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Osmosis is the.... Osmosis can cause..., but a strong cell wall can help.... |
Osmosis is the flow of water across the plasma membrane toward the side with a higher solute (particle) concentration. Osmosis can cause a cell to swell with water or shrivel as water leaves, but a strong cell wall can help keep a bacterial cell alive during these hardships. |
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"" prevent peptidogylcan crosslinking by inhibiting.... |
B-lactam antibiotics prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking by inhibiting Ftsl tranpeptidation. |
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The four types of B-lactam antibiotics are... |
1) Penicilin 2) Cephalosporin 3) Carbapenem 4) Monobactam |
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Some bacteria can produce... Known as...To destroy.... Ring structure. Under these circumstances, ... To inhibit... These drugs are... |
Some bacteria can produce an enzyme known as B-lactamase to destroy the critical B-lactam ring structure. Under these circumstances, a second drug must be added to inhibit the enzyme. These drugs are amoxicilin or clavulanic acid. |
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What are the three features of Gram-Postitive Bacterial Cells? |
1) Gram-positive bacterial cells have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. 2) Gram-positive bacterial cells have a narrow periplasmic space. 3) Gram-positive bacterial cells have negatively charged teichoic acids in the peptidoglycan. |
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What are the three features of Gram-negative bacterial cells? |
1) Gram-negative bacterial cells have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan. 2) Gram-negative bacterial cells have periplasmic spaces of varying width. 3) Gram-negative bacterial cells have an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
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Not all bacterial "" structures are the same. |
Not all bacterial cell wall structures are the same |
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The stain method was developed by "" in "". It is used to separate bacterial cells into 2 classes known as "" and "". |
The stain method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884. It is used to separate Bacterial cells into 2 classes known as Gram-positive and Gram-negative. |
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(the gram stain) Alcohol ... in gram-positive cells (helps lock the "" in) |
(the gram stain) Alcohol decolorization shrinks large pores in Gram-positive cells. (Helps lock the crystal violet stain in) |
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(the gram stain) Alcohol strips away.... in gram-negative cells. (More likey to lose the initial"") |
(the gram stain) Alcohol strips away some outer membrane lipids in gram-negative cells (more likely to lose the initial crystal violet stain). |
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"" present on the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells can be harmful |
Lipidpolysaccharides present on the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells can be harmful. |
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The "" of lipidpolysaccharides (found on outer membrane of gram-negative cells) can vary dramatically. |
The outer side chain of lipidpolysaccharides (found on outer membrane of gram-negative cells) can vary dramatically. |
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the outer side chain of lipidpolysaccharides (gram-negative cells) changes for each... |
the outer side chain of lipidpolysaccharides (gram-negative cells) changes for each microbe to evade host immune responses. |
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How do nutrients get through Gram-positive cell walls? |
How do nutrients get through Gram-positive cell walls? Gram-positive peptidoglycan layer has large pores throughout its matrix. |
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How do nutrients get through Gram-negative cell wall?
Gram-negative cells have..an ...in its outer membrane. These transfer molecules... |
How do nutrients get through Gram-negative cell wall ?
Gram-negative cells have porin and TonB proteins in its outer membrane. These transfer molecules into the periplasmic space. |
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How can molecules get out of a Gram-negative cells's periplasmic space ? (2 ways) 1) some move from... (known as ... and are rare) 2) some use.... (never entering the periplasm) |
How can molecules get out of a Gram-negative cell's periplasmic space ? (2 ways) 1) some move from the periplasm to outside directly (known as autotransporters and are rare) 2) some use single-step (never entering the periplasm) transport systems |
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Flagella are ....,...,... extending from.... |
Flagella are spiral,hollow,rigid filaments extending from the cell surface. |
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The "" and "" of flagella vary depending... |
The locations and number of flagella vary depending on the bacterial species. |
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What are the three basic pieces of flagella composition (give brief descriptions) |
What are the three basic pieces of flagella composition (give brief descriptions) 1) Filament of multiple flagellin proteins (5-10 um long) 2) hook protein portion (connects filament to basal body) (structurally curved) 3) Basal body (disk-like structure that turns filament like propeller) |
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The energy to spin flagella is derived from... this is an expensive process such that ....per rotation!
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The energy to spin flagella is derived from proton motive force (PMF). This is an expensive process such that ~1000 H+ (proton) are translocated per rotation. |
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Flagella are .... and spinning them creates.... |
Flagella are complex structures and spinning them creates "runs" and "tumbles". |
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Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell due to... |
Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell due to chemoreceptor proteins temporally (with respect to time) sense changes in concentration of attractions or repellents. |
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Bacterial Cells can also have ... (related to motility) |
Bacterial Cells can have internal flagella |
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Some spirochetes have ... in their.... such that as they spin, they rotate.... Additionally, spirochetes do not have... |
Some spirochetes have flagella in their periplasm such that as they spin, they rotate the entire cell body like a corkscrew. Additionally, spirochetes do not have external flagella |
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(Nonflagellar Motility) Gliding motility is the act of...
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(Nonflagellar Motility) Gliding motility is the act of smooth sliding over a surface, not very well understood. |
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(Nonflagellar Motility) Twitching motion is a "", "" process using... |
(Nonflagellar Motility) Twitching motion is a slow, jerking process using pili that extend, attach to, and pull along a surface. |
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(Nonflagellar Motility) "" of actin into host cells is used for... |
(Nonflagellar Motility) Polymerization of actin into host cells is used for propulsion of bacteria into adjacent cells. |
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Adherence Molecules allow cells.. |
Adherence Molecules allow cells to stick to a surface |
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(Adherence Molecules) Pili are ... and possess other.... |
(Adherence Molecules) Pili are fibers of pilin protein and possess other proteins on their tips for sticking. |
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Stalks are an extension of.... tipped with a .... some bacteria will use. They provide extra surface area... |
Stalks are an extension of cell envelope tipped with a "holdfast" of polysaccharides that some bacteria will use. They provide extra surface area for nutrient absorption. |
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Capsules are.... |
Capsules are thick layers of polysaccharides surrounding some cells. |
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Capsules provide ...,..., and... |
Capsules provide adhesion, defense against host immunity, protection against desiccation (extreme dryness). |
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Capsules can help bacteria form "" which provide... and... |
Capsules can help bacteria form biofilms which provide protection and enhanced survivability in harsh environments. |
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Surface Arrays (S-Layers) are.... |
Surface Arrays (S-Layers) are crystalline arrays of interlocking proteins. |
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Surface Arrays (S-Layers) can protect a cell against... or... |
Surface Arrays (S-Layers) can protect a cell against predation or infection from bacteriophages. |
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Surface Arrays (S-Layers) are found in both... |
Surface Arrays (S-Layers) are found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) Most microbes still cant be "" |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) Most microbes still cant be cultured (grown) |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) Bacteria capable of being grown are named according to.. (mainly on...) |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) Bacteria capable of being grown are named according to the standard binomial system (mainly on species and genus) |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) Species for bacteria is defined as... While differing.... |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) Species for bacteria is defined as a group of strains sharing common features, while differing considerably from other strains. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) A Genus is a... |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) A Genus is a group of closely related species. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) After the species and genus level, ...,...,...,..., and.... are considered in the standard binomial naming system. |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) After the species and genus level, family, order, class, phylum, and domain are considered in the standard binomial naming system. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) What are the features of bacteria by which they are named upon? |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) What are the features of bacteria by which they are named upon? 1) DNA sequence data 2) Size/Shape 3) Gram type 4) Colony morphology 5) Presence of structures such as capsules/endospores 6) physiologic/metabolic traits |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) Once classified, microbes are deposited... |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) Once classified, microbes are deposited in at least two culture collections. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) The World Federation .... maintains a database of more than.... |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) The World Federation for Culture Collections maintains a database of more than 500 collections from over 60 countries. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) The pure culture collection of microbes are maintained cultures made... |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) The pure culture collection of microbes are maintained cultures made available to scientists for research purposes. |
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(Bacterial Taxonomy) A "" is a reference specimen deposited in a "". |
(Bacterial Taxonomy) A "Type strain" is a referenced specimen deposited in a culture repository. |
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Only ""% of bacteria are "" |
Only 1% of bacteria are cultured.
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What are the common names for bacterial shape ? spherical: rod-shaped: comma-shaped: spiral: pleiomorphic: |
What are the common names for bacterial shape ? spherical: coccus or cocci rod-shaped: bacillus or bacilli comma-shaped: vibro or vibrios (can slightly curve -flex) spiral: spirillum or spirilla pleiomorphic: varied shapes |
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A typical prokaryote is "" in diameter |
A typical prokaryote is 1 micron in diameter. |
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(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 0.005 um are visible with "" |
(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 0.005 um are visible with electron microscope |
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(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 0.2 um are visible with "" |
(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 0.2 um are visible with light microscope |
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(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 100 um are visible with "" |
(microbe visibility) microbes with diameters above 100 um are visible with human eye. |
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The largest bacterial cell is "" and was discovered by "" |
The largest bacterial cell is thiomargarita namibiensis and was discovered by Heide Shulz. |
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what is the function of DNA nucleoid?
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what is the function of DNA nucleoid? genetic information storage and gene expression |
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what is the function of chromosome-packaging proteins? |
what is the function of chromosome-packaging proteins? protection and compaction of genomic DNA |
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what is the function of "enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA"? |
what is the function of "enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA"? replication of genome, transcription |
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what is the function of Regulatory Factors? |
what is the function of Regulatory Factors? Control of replication, transcription, and translation |
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what is the function of Plasmids? |
What is the function of Plasmids? variable functions, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions |
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what is the function of "Enzymes involved in breaking down substrates"? |
what is the function of "Enzymes involved in breaking down substrates"?
Energy production, providing anabolic precursors
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What is the function of Inclusion Bodies? |
What is the function of Inclusion Bodies? storage of C, P, N, S |
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MreB assembles into..... |
MreB assembles into a helix to stretch cells length (compose its shape) |
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If MreB was not found in a bacterial cell, its... |
If MreB was not found in a bacterial cell, its shape would be coccus (default shape) |
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If bacterial cell had no FtsZ... This is because... |
If a bacterial cell had no FtsZ it would continue growing longer BUT NO CELL DIVISION. This is because it is the basis of cell division and forms a Z ring. |
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ParM attaches to.... to both sides... This process is.... |
ParM attaches to genetic elements, forms a polymer, and stretchs the plasmids to both sides of dividing cell.This process is expensively ATP-driven |
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The most important feature of plasma membrane is.... |
The most important feature of plasma membrane is capturing energy (ETC create PMF). |
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In Protein Secretion, secretion proteins can recognize... and use.. |
In Protein Secretion, secretion proteins can recognize signal peptides on proteins that are going to be transported and use ATP to get them outside. |
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The Bacterial Cell Wall works in relation... |
The Bacterial Cell Wall works in relation with MreB. |
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In Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells, within the cell wall there is a crosslink between "" and "" |
In Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells, within the cell wall, there is a crosslink between D-ala and DAP |
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In Gram-Negative bacterial cell walls, there is a "" which connects the "" |
In Gram-Negative bacterial cell walls, there is a pentaglycine interbridge which connects the peptide chains. |
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D form amino acids are unique.... |
D form amino acids are unique to bacterial cell walls |
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"" ( "") is only found in the "" of bacteria. |
DAP (Diaminopimelic acid) is only found in the cell wall of bacteria. |
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Contrary to the bacterial plasma membrane,... through the bacterial cell wall. |
Contrary to the bacterial plasma membrane, nutrients can pass freely across through the bacterial cell wall. |
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(Cell Wall Formation) NAM-NAG are very "" and dont... |
(Cell Wall Formation) NAM-NAG are very hydrophilic and dont want to go into plasma membrane |
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(Cell Wall Formation) "" ("" precursors) links and translocate NAM-NAG across.... Afterwards, "" loses.... |
(Cell Wall Formation) Bactophenol (pentapeptide prescursor) links and translocate NAM-NAG across the plasma membrane Afterwards, bactophenol loses one amino acid |
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Divisome is known as the collection... |
Divisome is known as the collection of all proteins involved in cell division |
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In bacterial cell wall degradation, lysozymes cleave... |
In cell wall degredation, lysozymes cleave B 1,4 glycosidic linkages between peptidoglycan |
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In bacterial cell wall degredation, lysostaphin secretion degrades... and only works... |
In bacterial cell wall degredation, lysostaphin secretion degrades glycene interbridges and only works on gram positive bacterial cells |
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The protoplast is a bacterial cell whose.... |
The protoplast is a bacterial cell whose cell wall has been removed with lysozyme. |
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In B-lactamase inhibition, Clavulanic acid will.... |
In B-lactamase inhibition, Clavulanic acid will occupy the B-lactamase activity |
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In Gram Stain, Gram negative stains "" and Gram positive stain "". Also, iodine acts as a.. |
In Gram Stain, Gram negative stains red and Gram positive stains purple. Also, iodine acts as trapping agent/morbant |
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In Gram-positive bacteria, a lipoteichoic acid in the peptidoglycan is...
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In Gram-positive bacteria, a lipoteichoic acid in the peptidoglycan is a teichoic acid which is connected with phospholipid in plasma membrane |
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Bacterial outer membrane is also a "" barrier such that "" / "" are used to pass... and no... |
Bacterial outer membrane is also a permeability barrier such that Porin/tonB are used to pass nutrient through and no energy is required unless high concentration of nutrients are found outside membrane. |
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TonB are "" connected to "" and use.... to drive.... |
TonB are protein wires connected to Porin and use ATP to drive nutrients through the outer membrane. |
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TonB (protein wires) are usually utilized when... |
TonB (protein wires) are usually utilized when there are not lots of nutrients around the cell. |
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What are the 4 types of Flagellar arrangement? (Give brief descriptions) |
What are the 4 types of Flagellar arrangement? (Give brief descriptions) -Monotrichous (1 flagella) - Amphitrichous (2 flagella - one on each end) - Lophotrichous (a lot of flagella on one end) -Peritrichous ( random placement of flagella around cell) |
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Runs are when... and straight line... |
Runs are when flagella rotate in one direction and straight line movement occurs |
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Tumbles are when... Basically, cell randomly... |
Tumbles are when flagella change their direction of rotation. Basically, cell randomly changes direction. |
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(chemotaxis) Random walk is when... |
(chemotaxis) Random walk is when runs and tumbles result in no direct movement |
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(chemotaxis) Positive Chemotaxis is when... |
(chemotaxis) Positive Chemotaxis is when runs move bacteria towards a chemical |
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(chemotaxis) Negative Chemotaxis is when... |
(chemotaxis) Negative Chemotaxis is when runs move bacteria away from a chemical |
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A sex pilus is a... (Sending DNA plasmid...) |
A sex pilus is a different structure used for conjugation (sending DNA plasmid from one cell to another) |
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Capsules are found in... |
Capsules are found in both gram positive and gram negative bacterial cells. |
