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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Robert Hooke known for? |
Early microscopes, allowing for the first description of microbes. |
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What is Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek known for? |
Improvement in lens construction, allowing for first description of bacteria |
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What is needed for the basis of life? |
Metabolism, growth, reproduction, genetic variation/evolution, response/adaptation, and homeostasis |
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What is the most abundant macromolecule in a microorganism? What is the least abundant macromolecule? |
Proteins, nucleic acids |
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Which of the three domains have a nuclear membrane? Which one(s) don't? |
Bacteria and Archaea don't have a nuclear membrane. Eukarya does. |
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What were the requirements of early life? |
Genetic info storage, a way to catalyze biological reactions, and a way to separate the cell interior from the external environment. |
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What is a ribozyme and what does it do? |
It is a combination of RNA and an enzyme. It is used as a reaction catalyst and to store genetic info. |
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What is more stable? DNA or RNA? |
DNA |
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Describe the process of protein synthesis |
DNA replication -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Protein |
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What is the endosymbiotic theory? |
Primitive prokaryotic microbes ingested other microbes, starting a symbiotic relationship, forming the first basic eukaryotes. |
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What is Louis Pasteur known for? |
Disproving spontaneous generation. Developing vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies. |
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How was spontaneous generation disproved? |
A sterilized broth was in a bottle with a curved neck, which trapped microbes and stopped them from entering the broth. But once the bottle was tipped to allow the broth to reach the neck of the bottle, microbes started to grow inside the broth. |
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What was Robert Koch known for? |
Determining the bacteria that causes anthrax and tuberculosis. Established basic rules for determining with microbes caused which disease. |
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What is Koch's postulates? |
A set of rules that can be used to show a specific microbe causing a specific disease. Cause and effect is proven if: the suspected microbe is identified in every person with the disease, but not those w/o the disease, and if the microbe is recovered from an initially pure experimentally inoculated host organism. |
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What are the different shapes that a bacteria can take? |
Spherical (coccus), rods (bacillus), comma shaped (virbio), spiral (spirillum), varied (pleiomorphic) |
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What are hyphae? |
Branching filaments of cells |
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What are mycelia? |
Tufts of hyphae |
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Trichomes |
Unbranched, smooth chains of cells |
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Which bacteria is considered to be one of the largest in size? |
Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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What are some advantages to being small? |
Greater surface-to-volume ratio, greater rate of nutrient/waste exchange per unit volume, higher metabolic rate -> faster growth -> faster evolution |
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What is the largest area of the bacterial cell? |
The nucleoid region |
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What is the purpose of the nucleoid region? |
Houses the chromosomes and DNA replication machinery |
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Does bacteria have histone proteins? |
No. |
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What is the purpose of gas vesicles? |
Buoyancy |
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What is the purpose of carboxysomes? |
It is the location of carbon fixation reactions (RUBISCO) |
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What is the purpose of magnetosomes? Which domain are they found in? |
Helps with direction finding - Only found in bacterial cells |
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How does DNA compress within the nucleoid of bacteria? |
1) Use of cations to shield negative charges on sugar phosphate backbone 2) Small, positively charged particles bind to the chromosome to maintain condensed structure (like glue) 3) Topoisomerases modify structure of DNA to enable "supercoiling" |
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What is FtsZ? |
Homologue to tubulin in eukaryotes. Anchors itself in the cell's middle and recruits a bunch of other proteins to help with cell division |
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What will happen to a cell if it does not have FtsZ? |
The bacteria will turn into filaments |
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What is MreB? |
Homologue to actin in eukaryotes. Determining the shape of the cell. |
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What happens to the cell if it doesn't have MreB? |
The cell will be coccus in shape by default |
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What is ParM? |
par=partitioning. Involved in moving internal items |
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What are the roles of the plasma membrane? |
- Capturing energy (ETC creating a proton motive force) - Holding sensory systems (embedded proteins can detect environmental changes) - Permeability barrier (but not structural) |
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What is the plasma membrane connected by? (What type of bond) |
Ester linkages |
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What are hopanoids and what do they do? |
They are sterol like molecules that help with stability across temperature range. Found in some, but not all bacteria |
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What is facilitated diffusion and co-transport? |
Protein channels move particles WITH a concentration gradient. Require no energy |
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What is active transport? |
Protein channels move particles AGAINST a concentration gradient. Require energy |
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What are the two types of co-transport? |
Symport and Antiport |
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What are the purposes of the cell wall in bacteria? |
- Gives cells their shape (holds the shape, whereas MreB creates the shape) - thin sheet of Peptidoglycan subunits - Provides membrane strength and rigidity - Protects from osmotic forces/lysis |
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What is NAM and NAG? |
Bipolymers in the cell wall, and are alternating units. Make up the layered peptidoglycan structure |
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What is transpeptidation?
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The process linking of proteins |
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What is FtsI? |
It is a divisome - links the proteins together |
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What kind of bonds does lysozyme break? |
Breaks beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages by cleaving the backbone of peptidoglycan |
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How does beta-lactam antibiotics prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking? |
Inhibiting FtsI transpeptidation |
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What is the difference between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative cells structurally? |
Gram-Positive has a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan and a narrow periplasmic width. Also has teichoic acids, a type of acidic polysaccharide, embedded in the peptidoglycan layer. Gram-Negative have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan and a periplasmic width of varying degree. No teichoic acids, and the outer membrane is composed of liposaccharides (LPS). |
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What happens when you stain gram-positive vs gram-negative cells? |
Alcohol decolorization shrinks large pores in gram-positive cells. Helps lock the crystal violet stain in, whereas in gram-negative cells, alcohol strips away the outer membrane, causing the cells to be more likely to lose their colour. |
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How do nutrients get through the cell wall in gram-positive vs gram-negative cells? |
Gram-positive: Large pores in its matrix Gram-negative: Has porins and TonB proteins in the outer membrane. Transfer molecules into periplasmic space. |
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What are the 3 pieces that make up the flagella? |
1) Filament of flagellin proteins 2) Hook protein portion (connects filament to basal body) 3) Basal body (disk-like structure that turns filament like a propeller) |
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How does flagella get the energy to spin? |
Derived from the proton motive force |
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What is chemotaxis? |
Chemoreceptor proteins temporarily sense changes in concentrations of attractants or reppellents |
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What are adherence molecules? |
They allow cells to stick to surfaces |
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What are pili?
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Fibers that possess other proteins on their tips for sticking |
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What is a stalk? (it is an adherence molecule) |
An extension of the cell envelope tipped by a holdfast of polysaccharides. Provide extra surface area for nutrition absorption. Really good surface-volume ratio. |
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What is a capsule? |
A thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells. Provide adhesion, protection against dessication, and defense against host immunity. |
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What is an S-Layer? |
A crystalline array of interlocking proteins. Can protect the cell against predation or infection w/ bacteriophages. Found in both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative cells. |
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What is transcription? |
RNA synthesis from DNA template |
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Which metabolism and organism first contributed to O2 in our atmosphere? |
Autotrophy and cyanobacteria |
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What is Carl Woese known for? |
Identifying the domain Archaea |
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What metabolic pathway is most efficient? |
Aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) |
