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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the 3 categories of plasma proteins?
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-albumins 60%: increase viscosity, carriers for smaller molecules
-globulins 35%: carriers, immune function -fibrinogen 4%: blood clotting |
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Describe the 3 formed elementse
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-erythrocytes 99%: gas exchange
-leukocytes: immunity and defense -thrombocytes: hemostasis, reduction of blood loss from damaged vessels |
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Define hematocrit.
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Percent formed elements by volume in blood.
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What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
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-blood cell differentiation from stem cell
-in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells |
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How is hematopoiesis controlled?
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-colony-stimulating factors secreted by leukocytes or endothelial cells to trigger WBC formation
-interleukins between WBC -erythropoietin triggers RBC formation |
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Describe 2 structural features of RBC.
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-biconcave surface: increase surface area in relation to volume
-round: reduce friction/impedane in blood flow |
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What is the function of RBC.
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Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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When and where are RBC broken down?
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-120 days in spleen and liver
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Describe the structure of hemoglobin.
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-a protein made of 4 globin subunits
-each subunit has a heme group with 1 iron atom (oxygen binds to iron) |
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What are the 4 types of globin?
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-alpha: formed in all hemoglobin
-beta: common globin in adult hemoglobin -gamma: in fetuses in place for beta hemoglobin -delta: rare replacement for beta hemoglobin |
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Where are platelets formed from?
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Megakaryocytes
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Name the steps of hemostasis (3).
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1) vasoconstriction
2) platelet plug formation 3) coagulation (clotting) |
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Name the steps of platelet plug formation (3).
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1) Platelet stick to exposed collagen
2) platelets become activated and more sticky 3) cytokines release: vasoconstriction and increased platelet activation |
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List the steps of the common pathway of coagulation.
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-prothrombin > thrombin > fibrinogen > fibrin > cross-linked
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How does blood in veins travel back to heart without the heart to pump it?
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-one way valves
-skeletal muscle contraction against veins -respiratory pump |
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Where does Pulsatile blood flow occur?
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Arteries and arterioles
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What is pulse pressure?
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systolic minus diastolic
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Express mean arterial pressure.
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(diastolic) + 1/3(pulse pressure)
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What is mean arterial pressure proportionate to?
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Cardiac Output • Resistance
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What is considered normal blood pressure?
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120/80
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What is the affect of blood volume on blood pressure?
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volume increases blood pressure increases
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What happens when blood volume decreases?
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vasoconstriction and increased heart rate
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Name the pathways for blood pressure regulation.
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carotid and aortic baroreceptors -> medulla -> parasympathetic or sympathetic NS -> Sa node, veins, and arterioles
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What is the distribution of blood in vessels?
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-11% in arteries
-60% in veins |
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Name the top 4 structures with the most blood distribution.
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-brain, heart, kidney, digestive tract
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What is shock? Describe the 4 types.
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-insufficient capillary blood flow and blood pressure to maintain tissue health
1) cardiogenic 2) hypovolemic 3) septic: toxins increase vessel diameter 4) anaphalatic: immune response leads to vasodilation of blood vessels |
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What blood vessel can experience the highest levels of resistance?
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arterioles
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What is resistance propotionate to?
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(Length • Viscosity)/radius^4
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What is myogenic autoregulation?
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Smooth muscle around arterioles contraction caused by Ca inflow when the smooth muscle stretches to open Ca channels
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Describe the paracrines that react with arterioles.
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-CO2: active hyperemia, vasodilation due to activity
-CO2: reactive hyperemia, vasodilation due to restricted blood flow -adenosine: dilates coronary arteries -seratonin: vasoconstriction of arterioles after injury |
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What are the structural types of capillaries?
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fenstrated and continuous
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Why is the velocity of blood in capillaries slow even when diameter is small?
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sum cross-sectional area increases
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Describe how substances move through capillaries.
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-diffusion
-transcytosis: vesicles carry protein and macromolecules, can also create temporary channels |
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Describe the factors involves in bulk flow in capillaries.
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-hydrostatic pressure higher closer to heart
-colloid osmotic pressure constant due to proteins in blood (hypertonic) |
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Define filtration in capillaries.
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movement out of capillary when hydrostatic pressure greater then colloid osmotic pressure
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Define absortion in capillaries.
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Movement of fluid in capillary when colloid osmotic pressure greater than hydrostatic pressure
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How much bulk flow in a day?
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3 liters
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What is the fluid called when going from blood vessels to lymph vessels?
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-blood vessels: plasma
-out of vessels: interstitial fluid -lymph vessels: lymph fluid |
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What is the destination of lymph fluid?
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subclavian veins and heart
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What is edema?
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-insufficient drainage of interstitial fluid by lymphatic capillaries
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What is the membrane around lungs?
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pleural membrane
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Describe the cellular structure of aveoli.
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-type I: gas exchange, lines aveoli
-type II: produces surfactant |
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What is the function of surfactant?
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breaks/disrupts hydrogen bonds in aveoli to aid inhalation
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Name the percent component of air.
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-O2: 21%
-N2: 78% -CO2: <1% |
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What is atmospheric pressure?
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pressure of air at sea level, 760 mmHg
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How is partial pressure calculated?
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Pressure of gas mixture • percent gas
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Define Boyle's law.
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P1V1=P2V2
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How and why is air flow controled in nasal cavity?
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-slowed down by increased area and by turbinate bones
-warms up to 37 degrees and humidifies |
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How is pharynx and teaches filtered?
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mucous escalator, epithelium and goblet cells
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What is pneumothorax?
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Any puncuring of pleural membranes to that air enters intrapleural space causing lungs to collapse
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What is the difference between compliance and elastance?
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-compliance refers the the ability to stretch
-elastance refers the the ability to shrink back to normal after stretching |
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How is Resitance in air flow controled?
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bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
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Name lung volumes.
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-tidal volume
-expiratory reserve -inspiratory reserve -residual volume |
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Name the lung capacities.
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-vital capacity
-functional residual capacity -inspiratory capacity |
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Define total pulmonary ventilation.
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Breaths per min multiplied by ml per breath
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Define alveolar ventilation.
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Ventilation rate multiples by the difference of tidal volume and dead space
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What factors affect gas to liquid exchange?
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1) pressure gradient of gas
2) solubility of gas in liquid 3) temperature |
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Relative to eachother, what is the solubility of O2 and CO2 in water?
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CO2 is much more soluble than O2
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Define hypoxia.
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lower than normal O2 level
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Define hypercapnea.
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higher than normal CO2 levels
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What factors increase O2 binding?
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1) increase pressure of O2 in plasma
2) increase numbe of O2 binding sites on hemoglobin |
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What is the affect of pH on oxyhemoglobin formation?
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pH increase (basic) formation increase
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What is the affect of temperature on oxyhemoglobin?
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temperature increase formation decrease
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What is the affect of PCO2 on plasma pH? Why does this happen?
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-PCO2 increase pH decrease (acidic)
-CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (carbonc acid) <-> H + HCO3 |
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What is bicarbonate buffering?
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HCO3 can pick up excess H ions
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What are the centeral areas of the brain for breathing?
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Pons and medulla oblongata
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Give an example of peripheral and central chemoreceptors.
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(P) carotid
(C) medulla oblongata |
