Biol 223 Exam 4

Front 1

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs

Back 1

processes that maintain homeostasis

Front 2

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the ___ division

Back 2

sympathetic

Front 3

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

Back 3

increased secretion by digestive glands

Front 4

A progressive disorder characterized by the loss of higher-order cerebral function is

Back 4

Alzheimer's disease

Front 5

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release ___ at their synaptic terminals, and the effects are always ___

Back 5

acetylcholine (ACh), excitatory

Front 6

The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division is

Back 6

acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 7

Starting in the spinal cord, trace an impulse through the sympathetic division of the ANS until it reaches a target organ in the abdominopelvic region

Back 7

preganglionic neuron T5-L2
collateral ganglia
postganglionic fibers
visceral effector in abdominopelvic cavity

Front 8

Which four ganglia serve as origins for postganglionic fibers that deal with the control of visceral structures in the head?

Back 8

ciliary ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
submandibular ganglion
otic ganglion

Front 9

What are the components of a visceral reflex arc?

Back 9

receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron (may not be present)
two visceral motor neurons

Front 10

How does the emergence of sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord differ from the emergence of parasympathetic fibers?

Back 10

sympathetic preganglionic fibers emerge from the thoracolumbar area (T1-L2) of the spinal cord

parasympathetic fibers emerge from the brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord (craniosacral)

Front 11

Which three collateral ganglia serve as origins for ganglionic neurons that innervate organs or tissue in the abdominopelvic region?

Back 11

celiac ganglion
superior mesenteric ganglion
inferior mesenteric ganglion

Front 12

What two distinctive results are produced by the stimulation of sympathetic ganglionic neurons?

Back 12

release of norepinephrine (NE) at specific locations

secretion of epinephrine (E), and small amounts of NE into the blood stream

Front 13

Which four pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the cranial segment of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Back 13

III- oculomotor
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus

Front 14

Dual innervation refers to situations in which

Back 14

vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Front 15

Why does sympathetic function remain intact even when the ventral roots of the cervical spinal nerves are damaged?

Back 15

preganglionic fibers innervating the cervical ganglia originate in the white rami of thoracic segments, which are undamaged

Front 16

During sympathetic stimulation, a person may begin to feel "on edge"; this is the result of

Back 16

stimulation of the reticular activating system

Front 17

Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest?

Back 17

decreased sympathetic stimulation

Front 18

A possible side effect of a drug used to open the airways of someone suffering from an asthma attack is

Back 18

increased blood pressure

Front 19

You are home alone at night and hear something scary. What physiological effects would you feel and why?

Back 19

sympathetic stimulation:
-increased respiratory rate
-increased peripheral vasoconstriction
-elevation of blood pressure
-increased heart rate
-increased glucose release into bloodstream

Front 20

Why is autonomic tone a significant part of ANS function?

Back 20

ANS motor neurons can both increase and decrease activity if they maintain a background level of activity, providing a range of control options

Front 21

Nicotine stimulates cholinergic receptors of the ANS. How would smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

Back 21

stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses:
-sympathetic- increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure
-parasympathetic- decreased blood flow to heart

Front 22

The condition known as shock is characterized by a decreased return of venous blood to the heart. How could an upsetting situation (getting very bad news) produce shock?

Back 22

-higher CNS relays to hypothalamus
-hypothalamus suppresses vasomotor center of medulla
-fewer sympathetic impulses to peripheral blood vessels
-vasodilation
-blood pools in limbs, less blood back to heart, produces shock

Front 23

Phil is stung on his cheek by a wasp. He's allergic so his throat begins to swell and his respiratory passageways constrict. Would acetylcholine (ACh) or epinephrine (E) be more helpful in relieving his symptoms and why?

Back 23

epinephrine, it would reduce inflammation and relax the smooth muscles of the airways, making it easier to breathe

Front 24

Which receptor provides more precise sensory information, one with a small receptive field or one with a large receptive field?

Back 24

one with a small receptive field

Front 25

When the nociceptors in your hand are stimulated what sensation do you perceive?

Back 25

pain

Front 26

What would happen to you if the info. from proprioceptors in your legs were blocked from reaching the CNS?

Back 26

you wouldn't know your muscle, joint, leg position so you wouldn't be able to walk

Front 27

As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill cannot feel touch or pressure on her lower limbs. Which spinal tract is being compressed?

Back 27

the fasciculus gracilis in the posterior column carries info about touch and pressure from the lower limbs to the brain

Front 28

Which spinal tract carries action potentials generated by nociceptors?

Back 28

the lateral spinothalamic tracts

Front 29

Which cerebral hemisphere receives impulses conducted by the right fasciculus gracilis?

Back 29

the primary sensory cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

Front 30

The larger the receptive field, the

Back 30

harder it is to locate the exact point of stimulation

Front 31

The CNS interprets information entirely on the basis of the

Back 31

line over which sensory information arrives

Front 32

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

Back 32

number of sensory receptors in the area of the body

Front 33

___ are receptors that are normally inactive but become active for a short time when there is a change in the condition that they monitor

Back 33

phasic receptors

Front 34

Damage to the posterior spinocerebellar tract on the left side of the spinal cord at the L1 level would interfere with

Back 34

coordinated movement of the left leg

Front 35

Identify 6 types of tactile receptors located in the skin and describe their sensitivities

Back 35

1-free nerve endings, touch and pressure
2-root hair plexus, distortion and movements across body surface
3-tactile discs, fine touch and pressure
4-tactile corpuscles, fine touch and pressure
5-lamellated corpuscles, pulsing or vibrating stimuli (deep pressure)
6-ruffini corpuscles, pressure and distortion of the skin

Front 36

What 3 types of mechanoreceptors respond to stretching, compression, twisting, or other distortions of the cell membrane?

Back 36

1-tactile receptors
2-baroreceptors
3-proprioceptors

Front 37

What are the 3 major somatic sensory pathways and what is the function of each?

Back 37

1-posterior column pathway: conscious sensation of highly localized fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
2-spinothalamic pathway: conscious sensation of poorly localized crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
3-spinocerebellar pathway: proprioceptive info about the position of muscles, tendons, and joints to the cerebellum

Front 38

What is the difference between a motor homunculus and a sensory homunculus?

Back 38

-motor: mapped out area of primary motor cortex, indicates degree of fine motor control
-sensory: indicates degree of sensitivity of peripheral sensory receptors

Front 39

Describe the relationship among first- second- and third-order neurons.

Back 39

-1st order: brings sensation to CNS and synapses on the 2nd order in the spinal cord or brain stem
-2nd order: interneuron that synapses on 3rd order in thalamus
-3rd order: from thalamus, synapses on neurons of the primary sensory cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 40

What effect does injury to the primary motor cortex have on peripheral muscles?

Back 40

it affects fine motor control, gross motor control from the basal nuclei is still possible but movements are imprecise and awkward

Front 41

An amputee still feels pain in their fingers even though they don't exist anymore. How can this be?

Back 41

phantom pain: pain perception occurs in the sensory cortex of the brain, so if the sensory receptors send an impulse from the stub to the brain it projects the feeling to a body part

Front 42

When you first enter lab you are very aware of the odor of preservatives. By the end of lab, you don't notice the smell. Why?

Back 42

adaptation has occurred, in response to constant stimulation your receptor neurons have become less active, partially as the result of synaptic fatigue

Front 43

If you completely dry the surface of your tongue you can't taste salt or sugar crystals placed on it. Why?

Back 43

your taste buds are only sensitive only to molecules dissolved in a solution, the salt and sugar can't dissolve without moisture

Front 44

Your grandfather can't taste foods the same anymore. Why?

Back 44

number of taste buds has declined, and the remaining ones aren't as sensitive, also the loss of olfactory receptors contributes to the perception of less flavor

Front 45

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is

Back 45

adaptation

Front 46

What are the 3 types of papillae on the tongue?

Back 46

filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillae

Front 47

Trace the olfactory pathway from the time an odor reaches the olfactory epithelium until it reaches its final destination in the brain.

Back 47

-axons leave olfactory epithelium in bundles of 20 or more
-penetrate cribiform plate to reach olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum
-along olfactory tract to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system

Front 48

Why are olfactory sensations long-lasting and an important part of our memories and emotions?

Back 48

sensory info. goes directly to the cerebral cortex via the hypothalamus and limbic system and are not processed by the thalamus

Front 49

Tom has surgery to remove growths from his sinuses. After he heals, his sense of smell is not as keen as it was before surgery. Why?

Back 49

some of the olfactory epithelium was destroyed during surgery, decreasing the area for the odor molecules, decreases the intensity of the stimulus so it takes a larger stimulus to provide the same level of smell

Front 50

If the round window were not able to bulge out with increased pressure in the perilymph, how would the perception of sound be affected?

Back 50

without movement of the round window, the perilymph would not be moved by vibration of the stapes and there would be little or no perception of sound

Front 51

How would the loss of stereocilia from hair cells of the organ of Corti affect hearing?

Back 51

reduce hearing sensitivity and could lead to deafness

Front 52

Why does a blockage of the auditory tube produce an earache?

Back 52

auditory tube allows pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic membrane, blockage would make increased pressure on the inside forcing the membrane outward and producing pain

Front 53

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

Back 53

tympanic membrane

Front 54

The basic receptors in the inner ear are the

Back 54

hair cells

Front 55

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the tiny bones located in the

Back 55

middle ear

Front 56

Receptors in the saccule and utricle provide sensations of

Back 56

gravity and linear acceleration

Front 57

The organ of Corti is located in the ___ of the inner ear

Back 57

cochlea

Front 58

Auditory information about the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve

Back 58

VIII - 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 59

Displacement of stereocilia toward the kinocilium of a hair cell

Back 59

produces a depolarization of the membrane

Front 60

Damage to the cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with the perception of

Back 60

horizontal rotation of the head

Front 61

What are the 3 auditory ossicles in the middle ear, and what are their functions?

Back 61

1-malleus
2-incus
3-stapes
they transmit a mechanical vibration (amplified along the way) from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Front 62

For a few seconds after riding the elevator down from the 20th floor you still feel like you are descending, even though you are stopped. Why?

Back 62

the descent causes the maculae in the saccule of the vestibule to slide upward, giving the feeling of downward motion, when the elevator stops the maculae take a few seconds to return to normal position so you still perceive movement

Front 63

Juan has a disorder involving the saccule and utricle. He stands with his feet together and arms out. With his eyes open he doesn't move, but with them closed he sways and his arms drift toward the impaired vestibular receptors. Why?

Back 63

without visual cues, he has to rely on proprioceptive info and equilibrium centers (saccule and utricle) to maintain balance, deficient info. from the damaged side causes his arms to move that direction

Front 64

Which layer of the eye would be affected first by the inadequate production of tears?

Back 64

the conjunctiva , drying of this layer would produce an irritated, scratchy feeling

Front 65

When the lens of your eye is very round, are you looking at an object that is close to you or far from you?

Back 65

close to you

Front 66

As Renee enters a dark room, most of the available light becomes focused on the fovea of her eye. Will she be able to see very clearly?

Back 66

probably not at all, the fovea contains cones but no rods and rods respond to light of low intensity but cones need high intensity

Front 67

How would a blockage of the canal of Schlemm affect your vision?

Back 67

the aqueous humor would not be able to drain and glaucoma would develop, the pressure buildup in the eye would distort soft tissues and interfere with vision, ultimately would cause blindness

Front 68

If you had been born without cones in your eyes, could you still see?

Back 68

yes, working rods would allow you to see but only in black and white

Front 69

How could a diet deficient in vitamin A affect vision?

Back 69

less retinal would be made which would interfere with night vision, which is more sensitive to deficiencies because it is working at the threshold of the body's ability to respond to light

Front 70

What effect would a decrease in phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in photoreceptor cells have on vision?

Back 70

higher level of intracellular cGMP which would keep the sodium channels open and decrease ability of receptor neurons to respond to photons

Front 71

A blind spot on the retina occurs where

Back 71

the optic nerve attaches to the retina

Front 72

The retina is the

Back 72

neural tunic

Front 73

At sunset, your visual system adapts to

Back 73

rod-based vision

Front 74

A better-than-average visual acuity rating is

Back 74

20/15

Front 75

When viewing an object close to you, your lens should be more

Back 75

rounded

Front 76

You are watching deer 35 feet away, you turn and look at your friend 2 feet away. What changes do your eyes undergo?

Back 76

medial rectus muscles would contract, directing your gaze more medially, and pupils would constrict and the lenses would become more spherical

Front 77

A friend has myopia (nearsightedness). Concave lenses cause light waves to converge and convex spread light waves. What type would you recommend?

Back 77

concave lenses