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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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To survive, all animals must... |
Balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients |
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The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include... |
Calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals |
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In a well-fed human eating a western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is... |
Fat in adipose tissue |
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Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because... |
These animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients |
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List the 4 kinds of feeding and give examples |
Bulk feeder- snake Suspension feeder- baleen whale Fluid feeder- mosquito Substrate feeder- aphid |
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An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system... |
Allows for specialized regions with specialized functions |
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The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food... |
Have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food |
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True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract. |
False, the digestive processes with different requirements can be separated within the tract |
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True or false? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal |
False |
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True or false? Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine |
True |
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For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the... |
Mouth (salivary amylase) |
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True or false? The stomach functions as a protein digester |
True |
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Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the... |
Stomach |
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Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs... |
Via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty |
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An enlarged cucumber is typical of... |
Rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears |
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Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes.... |
Add a water molecule to break bonds |
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In an open circulatory system, blood is... |
Not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems |
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Blood returns to the heart via the... |
Pulmonary veins |
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From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the... |
Left atrium |
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From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the... |
Right atrium |
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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the... |
Posterior vena cava |
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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the... |
Posterior vena cava |
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True or false? Pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood to the heart |
True |
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Name the sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals |
Vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery |
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A human red blood cell in am artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through how many capillary beds? |
Two |
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The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because... |
The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system |
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If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then... |
Fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues |
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An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared to gas exchange in air, is that... |
Water loss through evaporation across respiratory surface can be minimized |
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Concurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize... |
Diffusion |
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Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a... |
Higher PO2 |
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How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? |
Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation |
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True or false? The lungs of a human form from the embryonic foregut |
True (so do the stomach and part of the small intestine) |
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Which barriers must OF and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs? |
The capillary wall, extracellular fluid, and epithelial cells |
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True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues |
False |
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How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? |
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) |
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True or false? The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules |
True |
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The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases when... |
In the presence of high concentrations of oxygen |
