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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anything that happens
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Stimulus
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A stimulus triggers a sensory receptor
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Detection
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sensory receptor sends an electrical impulse to the brain telling the brain what it just detected
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Transduction
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The electric impulse that reaches the brain
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Sensation
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The brain’s awareness and interpretation of a sensation
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Perception
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What are the sense for?
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relay the important aspects of the outside world to facilitate survival and and reproduction of the organism
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respond to photons of light are what
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Photoreceptors
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respond to changes in temperature is what
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Thermoreceptors
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respond to the presence of chemicals is what
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Chemoreceptors
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respond to the physical distortion is what
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Mechanoreceptors
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respond to the Earth’s magnetic field is what
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Magnetoreceptors
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respond to stimuli usually resulting from tissue damage (pain) is what
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Nociceptors
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humans can see light wavelengths between about ______and ______ nm
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400 and 700
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Cones have what characteristics?
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Low sensitivity to light High Resolution Responsible for Color Vision |
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Rods have what characteristics?
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HIgh Sensitivity to light Low Resolution Good for Low light detection 1 photopigment present |
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Some amphibians (very few studied!) seem to be able to detect light wavelengths between about ______‐________nm. |
350‐650nm
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Some lizards (Many? Further research needed) can see light wavelengths between about 350nm to 650‐700nm. Ability to distinguish colors appears to be well‐developed. T or F
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T
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What do lizards do with their excellent vision? |
Find mates, and evaluate their quality Find prey Detect Predators |
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Lizards did not originally lose their rods. T or F
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False - They did originally lose their rods
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Snakes lost their cones, and almost their rods, too. T or F
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T
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How did snakes gain sight back?
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By re‐evolving cones from their rods.
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Nocturnal lizard taxa have re‐evolved the ability to see in low‐light conditions by modifying their cones. T or F
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T
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The eyelid of a snake has fused to form what?
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Transparent spectacle
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How does a snakes lens focus
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By moving back and forth
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What is polarized light?
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When light passes through the atmosphere, some of it is scattered in a direction perpendicular to the sun
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What does polarized light do?
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Allow you to tell where the sun is at
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DOes polarized light work in overcast conditions?
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No
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Some herps can detect polarized light and use this info as a directional cue called what?
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celestial orientation
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Where is the 3rd eye located and what body does it connect with? |
On top of skull and it connects to the pineal body
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What plays an important part in setting the internal clock and regulating circadian rythyms?
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Pineal body
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what is responsible for secretion of melatonin at night and plays a role in our sleep cycle?
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Homologous
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What animals have a 3rd eye?
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Frogs, Tuataras, and many lizards
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What animals have pineal body?
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All reptiles except crocs
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What animals do not have 3rd eye
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Salamanders and Caecilians
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Infrared (IR) is what?
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low‐energy electromagnetic radiation (microwave, radio)
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What taxa has two frontally-located pits on their head (loreal pits) that are sensitive to IR (infrared radiation)
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Pit vipers and rattlesnakes
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Pit vipers are extremely sensitive to small changes in temperature to what degree?
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.003 c
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This affects when and where IR‐detecting snakes are most active is when?
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Temperate Zones (Dusk, morning) Tropics (night, day) |
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Snakes need their body temperature to be _______ enough to function
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warm
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any type of detection of chemicals: can be airborne, waterborne, or substrate‐borne is what
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Chemoreception
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3 main types of chemoreception
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–Olfaction(smell) –Vomerolfaction(using the vomeronasal organ)–Gustation(taste) |
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WHat is the principle detection method for snakes?
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vomerolfaction
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Chemoreception can be used for finding food which involves airborne chemicals that is referred to as what?
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Smell
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Vomerolfaction can be substrate or airborne. T or F
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T
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How is the vomeronasal organ accessed?
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Nostrils or oral cavity
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What is the final discriminator in chemoreception?
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Taste - GUstation
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Taste buds are abundant in taxa that have what?
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Fleshy tongues
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Caecilians have a _______ ________ that interfaces with the vemoronasal organ.
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Sensory Tentacle
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Salamanders possess _______________ ________ that odor molecules move along by capillary action through the nostrils to the vemoronasal organ.
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Nasalabial grooves
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Snakes have no outer ear, but do have an inner ear. T or F
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T
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Salamanders and caecilians have tympana, but still possess an inner ear. T or F
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F They lack tympana, and still possess an inner ear
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What do most frogs possess for hearing? |
Tympanan
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In taxa that lack tympana, how do they hear?
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low‐frequency vibrations can be transmitted via the skeleton tothe inner ear.
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Tactile is what?
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Meconoreceptors on the skin
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Mechanoreceptors in lateral line system consist of small sets of _________(hair‐like cellular projections) that only bend in _____ _______
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Cilia ; one direction
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What does the direction of cilia in the lateral line system convey?
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Subtle changes in water flow
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Ability to detect the magnetic field of the Earth is what?
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Magnetoreception
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When do you start to see UV rays ?
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350
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If you could only see to 650, what color would appear black?
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Red
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polygynous species do what
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Males mate with multiple female
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Purpose of communication for Polygynous male species is what? (6)
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–Attract a mate! –Indicate species and sex –Indicate location –territory quality –Indicate size –Assess competitors |
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THe purpose of communication for females in a polygynous species is what? (3)
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–Locate a mate –Evaluate mate –Indicate reproductive status |
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Females are usually receivers, little signaling t or f
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True
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Original strength of signal affects rate of reception is what?
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Signal
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Interference of transmission medium may degrade signal, oftentimes rapidly is what?
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Transmission
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Signal reception is limited by finite receiver sensitivity is what?
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Receiving sensory structure
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What the receiving individual decides to do about the perceived signal, e.g., ignore, respond, etc is what?
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Perception and integration of the signal
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Constraints & Costs of Communication is what? (4)
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-Energetically Expensive -Can be difficult depending on body size -Environmental noise -Messages can always be intercepted |
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Ways of Increasing Signal Reception is what? (7) |
-Increase size of signal -Increase signal background contrast -MOvement -Repitition -Broadcast where less interference -CHange signal -CHange transmission medium |
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Communication is intimately tied to what?
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Sensory Modes
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Females are not picky. T or F
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False - Females can be extre
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What are the Different Modes of Communication
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Visual Acoustic Chemical Tactile Multimodal! |
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Visual Charcteristics are what and who uses it?
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–Typically most useful during the day –Easily obstructed, need line‐of‐sight for effective transmission –Location of source is easy Most common among:–All groups of herpsexcept caecilians. |
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Acoustic Communication characteristics and who uses it?
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–Subject to noise interference from biotic or abiotic sources –Location of source relatively straightforward, even with line‐of‐sight obstructions Most common among:–Frogs–Crocodylians–Geckos. |
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Chemical Communication characteristics and who uses it?
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–Can be difficult to locate source –Cannot be readily modified, makes complex signaling difficult Most common among:–Salamanders–Some squamates (especially snakes and their kin)–Caecilians–Turtles. |
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Tactile (touch) Communication characteristics and who uses it?
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–Can be very complex –Particularly used in courtship and combat• Most common among: –All herp taxa. |
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Salamanders use what type of communication?
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–Chemical(Pheremones) –Tactile (rake/puncture skin) –Also some visual |
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Frogs use what type of communication and used for what?
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Auditory (some visual (flagging) and chemical (larval)) and used for: Advertisement Courtship Territorial Aggressive Reciprocation(rare, female back to male), Release Distress |
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Lizards use what type of communication?
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Visual Chemical Tactile (auditory = Geckos only) |
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Frogs produce sound by passing air over vocal cords. T or F
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T
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______ _______vibrates (mouth doesn’t typically open during vocalization).
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Vocal Sac
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Resonating chamber =
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resonating sac
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Lizards visual communication can consist of what?
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–Head bobbing –Dewlap extensions –Push‐ups –Gaping –Body inflation |
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Snakes use what type of communication?
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Tactile Chemical |
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Turtles use what type of communication?
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Visual Tactile (some chemical) |
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Crocs use what type of communication?
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–Auditory –Visual –Tactile Most vocal |
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Monogamy
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Individual only has one mate.
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Polygyny
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Single male mates with multiple female
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Polyandry
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Single female mates with multiple males
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Polygamy
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Both males and females mates with multiple individuals
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The ratio of sexually mature males to fertilizable females at any given time is what?
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Operational sex Ratio
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Sexual is what?
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–Male and a female are needed to produce offspring. –Females make the babies, males fertilize. |
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Unisexual is what?
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–Typically, the species has only females. –Genetic contribution of males is not needed, or not incorporated into the offsprings’ genome. |
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Pros of unisexualreproduction (3)
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–Fast –Colonization easy –stable environment |
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Cons of unisexual reproduction (2)
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-Zero Diversity -Offspring are clones |
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Pros of sexual reproduction (2)
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Diversity Purging of bad Alleles |
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Cons of Sexual reproduction (4)
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Only 1/2 genes are passed down Only 1/2 species can make babies Courtship difficult Colonization harder |
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Unfertilized eggs give rise to viable offspring is what
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Parthenogenesis
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cannot reproduce sexually is what
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Obligate parthenogen
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normally sexual species that can sometimes reproduce unisexually is what
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Facultative parthenogen
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