Biol 112 Lab Practical 2: Exercise 8

Front 1

the majority of animals live in _____ habitats

Back 1

aquatic

Front 2

_______ are by far the most successful group of animals and include more than 95% of known animal species

Back 2

invertebrates

Front 3

animals are _____trophs that ingest food and digest it with the aid of ______

Back 3

hetero

internal enzymes

Front 4

animals are _____cellular eukaryotes that lack ______ and rely on _____ for structural support

Back 4

multi
cell walls
proteins

Front 5

what two types of cells are unique to animals?

Back 5

nerve and muscle cells

Front 6

animals display _____ reproduction with a dominant _____ stage

Back 6

sexual
diploid

Front 7

animal sperm cells are _____ and eggs are _____

Back 7

flagellated
nonmotile

Front 8

what is embryological cleavage?

Back 8

mitotic divisions of a zygote without cell growth between divisions

Front 9

embryological cleavage results in a _____ where ______ forms embryonic tissue _______ that _______ into specific structures as development proceeds

Back 9

gastrula
enfolding
layers
differentiate

Front 10

what four morphological traits are the primary points of diversion for animals

Back 10

symmetry
tissues
body cavity
embryological development

Front 11

three types of symmetry?

Back 11

asymmetrical, radial, bilateral

Front 12

three types of tissues?

Back 12

lacks true tissues
diploblastic
triploblastic

Front 13

three body cavity types?

Back 13

acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
coelomate

Front 14

2 types of embryological development?

Back 14

protostome
deuterostome

Front 15

molecular evidence splits the protostomes into two clades:

Back 15

ecdysozoa
lophotrochozoa

Front 16

what are the fancy terms for
front
top
back
bottom

(imagine a frog)

Back 16

anterior
dorsal
posterior
ventral

Front 17

radially symmetrical animals can be

Back 17

bisected in multiple planes and yield the same sections

Front 18

bilaterally symmetrical animals have distinct

Back 18

dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and right and left sides

Front 19

if a bilaterally symmetrical animal is bisected, the sections (will/will not) be the same

Back 19

will not

Front 20

our understanding of evolutionary relationships is under revision as the _______ evidence is incorporated into older models based on _______ and _____

Back 20

molecular
morphology
development

Front 21

animals share a common ______ and comprise a _______ clade called _____

Back 21

ancestry
monophyletic
metazoa

Front 22

sponges are ______ animals. they lack ________ and are usually ______. molecular evidence indicates that they may be split into ____ group(s)

Back 22

basal
true tissues
asymmetrical
two

Front 23

except for sponges, animals have ______ and are placed in the clade ________. the basal animals of this clade are the ______

Back 23

true tissues
eumetazoa
Cnidarians

Front 24

Cnidarians are ___blastic and have _____ symmetry

Back 24

diplo
radial

Front 25

animals in the clade bilateria are ______ symmetrical and _____blatic. their body plans may be ______

Back 25

bilaterally
triplo
acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

Front 26

the Endysozans and the Lophotrochozoa belong to the clade ______

Back 26

Protostomia

Front 27

The clade Protostomia consists of the ______ and the _____

Back 27

Endysozans

Lophotrochozoa

Front 28

Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates belong to the clade _______

Back 28

Deuterostomia

Front 29

the clade Deuterostomia consists of _____, _____, and ______

Back 29

echinoderms
hemichordates
chordates

Front 30

sponges were formerly classified as

Back 30

Poriferans

Front 31

members of the _____ group are the "glass sponges"

Back 31

Silicea

Front 32

Silicea sponges are characterized by a skeleton composed of _________ and live mainly in _______ environments

Back 32

silica spicules

deep water

Front 33

members of the group Calcarea possess _____ composed of ________ and live in____

Back 33

spicules
calcium carbonate
shallow waters

Front 34

two types of sponges?

Back 34

Silicea
Calcarea

Front 35

molecular and morphological studies both indicate the ancient animal ancestor likely resembled a modern _____

Back 35

collared flagellate (choanoflagellate)

Front 36

the primary link between choanflagellates and sponges are the _______ of sponges called _____

Back 36

filter feeding cells

choanocytes

Front 37

choanocytes are similar to the ________ of the choanoflagellates in structure and function and are not present in ___ or _____

Back 37

collar cells
plants
fungi

Front 38

what is a proterospongia

Back 38

a colony of choanoflagellates

Front 39

what is a monosiga

Back 39

a single choanoflagellate

Front 40

all sponges are _____ and most are ______

Back 40

aquatic
marine

Front 41

adult sponges are _____ and live their lives attached to a ______

Back 41

sessile
substrate

Front 42

sponges reproduce asexually by _____ or by ______

Back 42

budding
fragmentation

Front 43

sexually, sponges are serial ______

Back 43

hermaphrodites

Front 44

sponges avoid self-fertilization by

Back 44

functioning as one gender before switching to the other gender

Front 45

the only mobile stage of sponges is

Back 45

the free-swimming larva

Front 46

in addition to choanocytes, sponges have ______

Back 46

amoebocytes

Front 47

3 functions of amoebocytes

Back 47

engulf and digest food

transport nutrients through the sponge body

manufacture skeletal fibers

Front 48

3 materials sponge fibers may be made of

Back 48

calcium carbonate
silica
a protein called spongin

Front 49

what type of sponge did we look at

Back 49

Grantia

Front 50

sponges are organized around a system of _____

Back 50

canals

Front 51

in sponges, water is drawn through ______ into the central ______ before exiting out the ______

Back 51

incurrent pores
spongocoel
osculum

Front 52

_____ line the inner spongocoel and strain particles from the water

Back 52

choanocytes

Front 53

sponge groups are differentiated by the arrangement of ______

Back 53

choanocytes

Front 54

the most primitive ______ sponges have choanocytes lining an open spongocoel

Back 54

asconoid

Front 55

in ______ sponges, choanocytes line canals extending from the spongocoel

Back 55

synconoid

Front 56

in _______ sponges, choanocytes are distributed along the surface of chambers that branch off canals leading away from the spongocoel

Back 56

leuconoid

Front 57

three types of sponges (determined by choanocyte arrangement) in order of increasing complexity

Back 57

asconoid
synconoid
leuconoid

Front 58

another name for incurrent pores?

Back 58

porocyte

Front 59

Cnidarians are named for specialized cells called

Back 59

cnidocytes

Front 60

cnidocytes contain stinging organelles called

Back 60

nematocyts

Front 61

cnidarians are the first group of animals to show

Back 61

diploblastic development

Front 62

diploblastic development results in two true tissue layers forming from embryonic

Back 62

ectoderm and endoderm

Front 63

in diploblastic development, the ectoderm forms the _____ and the endoderm forms the ______

Back 63

epidermis
gastrodermis

Front 64

the primitive nervous system of Cnidaria consists of a _____ at the interface of the two tissue layers

Back 64

neural net

Front 65

between the epidermis and gastrodermis is a _______ called the ______ which comprises the bulk of the cnidarian body

Back 65

gelatinous matrix
mesoglea

Front 66

the fossil record shows that the basic body plan of cnidaria has remained relatively unchanged for about _____ years

Back 66

570 million

Front 67

cnidaria are ______ symmetrical with a ______ that serves as both a gut and a __________

Back 67

radially
gastrovascular cavity
hydrostatic skeleton

Front 68

how many openings are there in the gastrovascular cavity of a cnidarian

Back 68

one (serves as mouth and anus)

Front 69

Cnidarians have two variations on the basic body plan: the sessile ____ and the mobile _____

Back 69

polyp
medusa

Front 70

the four classes of Cnidarians are distinguished by differences in

Back 70

the two basic Cnidarian body types

Front 71

what are the four classes of Cnidarians?

Back 71

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

Front 72

Obelia and Hydra belong to the class

Back 72

Hydrozoa

Front 73

a class with both polyp and medusa stages; polyp stage often colonial

Back 73

Hydrozoa

Front 74

class with reduced polyp stage and free swimming medusa

Back 74

Scyphozoa

Front 75

jellies belong to the class

Back 75

Schyphozoa

Front 76

box jellies and sea wasps belong to the class

Back 76

Cubozoa

Front 77

class with box-shaped medusa and eyes

Back 77

Cubozoa

Front 78

class with no medusa stage; sessile; often colonial

Back 78

Anthozoa

Front 79

sea anemones and most corals belong to the class

Back 79

Anthozoa

Front 80

which stage is dominant in most hydrozoans

Back 80

polyp

Front 81

what hydrozoans did we study

Back 81

Obelia and Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia)

Front 82

Obelia colony supports two types of polyps: _____ and ____

Back 82

feeding
reproductive

Front 83

feeding polyps have ____ and provide ____ for the organism

Back 83

tentacles
nutrients

Front 84

reproductive polyps lack _____ and release _____ capable of ______ reproduction

Back 84

tentacles
medusae
sexual

Front 85

a Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia) colony consists of a large gas-filled _______ that supports the colonial _____

Back 85

medusa
polyps

Front 86

medusae begin as stacked ringlets of cells within reproductive polyps called

Back 86

young medusa buds

Front 87

feeding polyps trail as far as ______ from the float (Portuguese man-of-war)

Back 87

60 feet/18 meters

Front 88

Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war) stinging cells are capable of

Back 88

killing small fish

Front 89

in jellies the ____ is dominant and the ______ greatly reduced

Back 89

medusa
polyp

Front 90

sense organs that help determine the jelly's position in the water column

Back 90

statocysts

Front 91

jelly anatomy: the ______ is surrounded by ______ while ______ in ______ surround the gastric system. _____ extend from the gastric system to the edge of the bell. on the outside are ____ and ______

Back 91

mouth
oral arms (tentacles)
gonads
gastric pouches
radial canals
tentacles
statocysts

Front 92

anthozoans exist only as

Back 92

polyps

Front 93

anthozoans reproduce asexually by ______ or sexually by _____

Back 93

fragmentation
production of gametes

Front 94

tiny holes in corals mark the location from which

Back 94

polyps secreted the calcareous skeleton

Front 95

what are the partitions in a sea anenome body called

Back 95

mesenteries

Front 96

most anemones capture and consume

Back 96

small fish

Front 97

a few anemones form symbiotic associations with

Back 97

clownfish

Front 98

what adaptation does the clownfish have to keep it from being stung by anemone cnidocytes

Back 98

a mucous layer

Front 99

nematodes and arthropods are

Back 99

ecdysozoans

Front 100

ecdysis means

Back 100

to molt

Front 101

ecdysozoa is characterized by animals that

Back 101

shed a tough outer cuticle, enter a growth period, and secrete a new cuticle

Front 102

there are more _______ than all other eukaryotes combined

Back 102

ecdysozoans

Front 103

ecdysozoa are _____blastic

Back 103

triplo

Front 104

three tissue layers of a triploblastic organism

Back 104

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

Front 105

in an organism with a true coelom, internal organs are attached to the ______ by _______

Back 105

mesoderm
mesentery membranes

Front 106

two patterns of embryonic development that generate a true coelom?

Back 106

protostome
deuterostone

Front 107

results from the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm

Back 107

protostome development

Front 108

protostome development results in a _______ coelom

Back 108

schizocoelous

Front 109

deuterostome development results in a ______ coelom

Back 109

enterocoelous

Front 110

results from mesodermal outpocketings of the primitive gut, or enteron

Back 110

deuterostome development

Front 111

deuterostome animals include ______ and ______

Back 111

echinoderms
chordates

Front 112

protostome cell division is ______

Back 112

determinate

Front 113

protostome cleavage is _____

Back 113

spiral

Front 114

what does determinant cell division mean?

Back 114

mitotic division of the zygote produces daughter cells whose fate is committed to the production of a specified body part

Front 115

the opening to the developing gut cavity of the gastrula

Back 115

blastopore

Front 116

in protostomes, the blastopore becomes the _____

Back 116

mouth

Front 117

protostome means

Back 117

first mouth

Front 118

deuterostomes have ______ division

Back 118

indeterminate

Front 119

deuterostomes have a ____ cleavage pattern so the daughter cells ______

Back 119

radial

align above each other

Front 120

the deuterostome blastopore contributes to the formation of the _____

Back 120

anus

Front 121

deuterostome means

Back 121

first mouth

Front 122

roundworms are part of the phylum

Back 122

nematoda

Front 123

the triploblastic structure is necessary for the formation of

Back 123

organs and organ systems

Front 124

what is the significant evolutionary milestone in roundworms?

Back 124

the appearance of a functional body cavity

Front 125

roundworms are abundant in _______, _______, and are _______ in plant and animal tissues

Back 125

aquatic habitats
moist soils
parasitic

Front 126

what roundworm did we look at

Back 126

nematode

Front 127

nematodes have a ______ body plan

Back 127

pseudocoelomate

Front 128

pseudocoelomates are characterized by a ______ lined by _____ and a body cavity, the ______ that is partially lined by ______

Back 128

digestive tract
endoderm
pseudocoel
mesoderm

Front 129

the characteristic thrashing motion of nematodes results from the action of ________ against a fluid filled _______

Back 129

opposing longitudinal muscles

pseudocoel

Front 130

most nematodes require a _____ for efficient motion

Back 130

dense substrate

Front 131

the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel) is easily cultured in _____ with a _____

Back 131

apple cider vinegar
ripe apple

Front 132

___ nematode species are known to infect humans

Back 132

50

Front 133

__________ is the causative agent of Trichinosis, and is the main reason why pork is considered unclean

Back 133

Trichinella

Front 134

encysted Trichinella cause host cells to generate ______ capable of _____, and even induce the host to form additional ______ to assure _______ to the parasite

Back 134

elastic membranes
housing growing larvae
blood vessels
a stable food supply

Front 135

Trichinella can cause

Back 135

muscle damage

Front 136

________ is a tropical parasite that may grow a foot or more in length

Back 136

Ascaris lumbricoides

Front 137

a female Ascaris lumbricoides lays _______ eggs per day

Back 137

200,000+

Front 138

seven steps of an Ascarid infection through a human host

Back 138

1. one or more eggs are swallowed
2. eggs hatch in intenstine
3. larvae burrow through body
4. larvae reach lungs
5. larvae work up the bronchial tubes to the pharynx
6. larvae are swallowed, pass through the stomach, and return to the intestine
7. larvae develop into adults, mate, and lay eggs which are voided with the host's feces

Front 139

difference between male and female Ascaris?

Back 139

males: smaller, distinct curl on posterior end

females: larger, tapered on both ends

Front 140

in the Ascaris, the outer layer is proteinaceous ______. at the antierior end, the ____ is surrounded by three ______. The subterminal, _____ is slightly anterior to the end of the worm on the ____ surface

Back 140

cuticle
mouth
lips
anus
ventral

Front 141

in the Ascaris, the _____ is a long, straight tube running from mouth to anus. the reproductive systems are _____

Back 141

intestine
long, coiled tubes

Front 142

Ascaris female: ___-shaped reproductive system. each arm has a thin ____, which expands to form an ____, and eventually a ______. the uteri join to form a _____ which empties to the exterior via the ______

Back 142

Y
ovary
oviduct
uterus
vagina
genital pore

Front 143

Ascaris male: reproductive system is ______. the solid end is the ____ which looks like a small white thread coiled in the posterior third of the pseudocoel. it expands to form the _____. the (previous) expands to form the ______ which stores sperm. the male tube decreases prior to entering the ____ and exiting through the ____. two retractile ______ aid sperm transfer during copulation

Back 143

a single coiled tube
testis
sperm duct
seminal vesicle
cloaca
anus
copulatory spicules

Front 144

Ascaris: the outer layer of the body wall is the ______. below that is the ______ which secretes it.

Back 144

cuticle
epidermis

Front 145

Ascaris: the cuticle and the epidermis make up the _____

Back 145

integument

Front 146

Ascaris: inside the integument is the ________ layer. the space in the interior of the worm is the _______, or body cavity where the organs are located

Back 146

longitudinal muscle
pseudocoel

Front 147

Ascaris: the ______ may be flattened, or dilated and large. at high power the ______ that comprises the gastrodermal walls can be distinguished

Back 147

intestine
columnar epithelium

Front 148

female Ascrais: reproductive structures are _____ when sectioned. the _____ are solid while ____ and ______ are hollow except for the eggs.

Back 148

coiled
ovaries
oviducts
uteri

Front 149

female Ascaris: the _____ is a little larger than the ovary and has a small _______. the -____ are large, with a muscular wall, which contains shelled "eggs" in various stages of development

Back 149

oviduct
lumen
uteri

Front 150

male Ascaris: the ____ are small, solid, and enclosed by epithelium. they are filled with small, round _______ which undergo mitosis to produce spermatogonia

Back 150

testis
primordial germ cells

Front 151

male Ascaris: the _______ is slightly larger than the testis. the interior is filled with ______ undergoing spermatogenesis. the _______ stores spermatozoa

Back 151

sperm duct
spermatogonia
seminal vesicle

Front 152

spiders, insects, and crustaceans belong to the phylum

Back 152

Arthropoda

Front 153

what is the most successful animal group on the planet, with more than 1 million species inhabiting nearly every possible environment

Back 153

arthropods

Front 154

three basic shared characteristics of arthropods

Back 154

segmentation
a chitinous exoskeleton
jointed appendages

Front 155

in insects, the body is divided into

Back 155

head, thorax, abdomen

Front 156

arthropods: each region of the body may be subdivided into segments w/ specialized _______ that range from _____ to _____

Back 156

jointed appendages
antennae
walking legs

Front 157

arthropods have a well developed ________ with effective _________ that control a variety of complex behaviors, like flight

Back 157

nervous system
sensory receptors

Front 158

early arthropods are represented in the fossil record by an extinct taxon, _______, that was abundant in the ______ Era

Back 158

Trilobita
Paleozoic

Front 159

Trilobita had pronounced ________ but little ________

Back 159

segmentation
specialization

Front 160

spiders belong to the subphylum

Back 160

cheliceriformes

Front 161

name the subphylum: body has 1-2 parts; 6 pair of appendages, chelicerae; pedipalps; 4 pair legs

Back 161

cheliceriformes

Front 162

millipedes and centipedes belong to the subphylum

Back 162

myriapoda

Front 163

name the subphylum: 1 pair antennae, mandibles, some herbivorous with 2 pair walking legs/segment; others carnivorous with 1 pair walking legs/segment

Back 163

myriapoda

Front 164

millipedes and centipedes: which is carnivorous and which herbivorous

Back 164

millipedes: herbivorous

centipedes: carnivorous

Front 165

insects belong to the subphylum

Back 165

hexapoda

Front 166

name the subphylum: body has 3 parts, 1 pair antennae; 3 pair legs, two pair wings

Back 166

hexapoda

Front 167

crabs belong to the subphylum

Back 167

crustacea

Front 168

name the subphylum: body 2-3 parts; 2 pair antennae; mandibles, 3+ pair of legs

Back 168

crustacea

Front 169

chelicerates lack

Back 169

antennae and mandibles

Front 170

first pair of chelicerates' appendages are

Back 170

chelicerae

Front 171

chelicerae are modified to form

Back 171

pincers or fangs

Front 172

cheliceriformes have a two-part body plan with an anterior _______ and a posterior ______

Back 172

cephalothorax
abdomen

Front 173

cheliceriformes include (4 examples)

Back 173

horseshoe crabs
scorpions
ticks
spiders

Front 174

cheliceriformes' legs are attached to the

Back 174

cephalothorax

Front 175

the chelicerae are beneath the

Back 175

first pair of eyes

Front 176

spiders only consume the _____ of their prey

Back 176

fluids

Front 177

a spiders mouth is hidden beneath ____ that are used to ____

Back 177

hairs
filter solid materials

Front 178

on either side of the chelicerae are appendages called the _______

Back 178

pedipalps

Front 179

in male spiders, the tips of the pedipalps contain the ______ which stores sperm

Back 179

tarsal organ

Front 180

in female spiders, the abdomen has a furrowed area bordered by patches of color called the ______, whose two tiny openings lead to the reproductive tract

Back 180

epigynum

Front 181

spiders: a highly folded membrane with a rich supply of blood capillaries

Back 181

book lung

Front 182

book lungs are used for

Back 182

respiratory gas exchange

Front 183

spiders: at the tip of the abdomen are the _____

Back 183

spinnerets

Front 184

all extant members of the myriapoda group are

Back 184

terrestrial