Biol 112 Experiment 3

Front 1

how long ago did prokaryotes diverge into bacteria and archaea?

Back 1

~3.5 billi years ago

Front 2

which domain includes the majority of prokaryotes

Back 2

bacteria

Front 3

what are blue-green bacteria called

Back 3

cyanobacteria

Front 4

which domain includes prokaryotes that thrive in X-TREME environments like hot springs, submarine volcanic vents, and salty, salty lakes?

Back 4

archaea

Front 5

domain eukarya includes all organisms with . . .

Back 5

a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Front 6

what are the different divisions of eukarya

Back 6

kingdoms plantae, fungi, and animalia aaaaaaand assorted protists

Front 7

pathogenic bacteria are

Back 7

disease-causing

Front 8

what are the most widespread and abundant organisms on earth?

Back 8

bacteria

Front 9

what percentage of bacteria have been identified to species?

Back 9

less than one

Front 10

aerobic bacteria

Back 10

require oxygen for growth and development

Front 11

anaerobic bacteria

Back 11

cannot tolerate atmospheric oxygen

Front 12

facultative anaerobes

Back 12

prefer atmospheric oxygen but can survive without it

Front 13

bacteria fall into two categories depending upon how they obtain energy called . . .

Back 13

heterotrophs and autotrophs

Front 14

heterotrophic bacteria

Back 14

break down complex organic compounds gleaned from the environment

Front 15

autotrophic bacteria

Back 15

fix carbon dioxide to make their own food

Front 16

photoautotrophic bacteria

Back 16

fueled by light energy

Front 17

chemoautotrophic bacteria

Back 17

oxidize nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements

Front 18

if not for bacterial decomposers, organic carbon from decaying organisms would

Back 18

deplete atmospheric co2

Front 19

decomposition

Back 19

the breakdown of dead organisms by bacteria and fungi and nutrient release to the environment

Front 20

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Back 20

convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form which can be absorbed through plant roots

Front 21

cyanobacteria are the foundation of the

Back 21

marine food web

Front 22

cyanobacteria cells sometimes

Back 22

cluster in a gelatinous matrix

Front 23

cyanobacteria live in

Back 23

extreme environments, including hot springs and bare rock

Front 24

akinetes

Back 24

large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that survive adverse conditions (cyanobacteria)

Front 25

heterocysts

Back 25

specialized cells that aid nitrogen fixation in aerobic environments. clear, round or oval cells

Front 26

what three types of cyanobacteria did we look at?

Back 26

cylindrosperm, nostoc, and oscillitoria

Front 27

on an agar plate, fungal colonies appear

Back 27

as irregular fuzzy patches

Front 28

on an agar plate, bacterial colonies look like

Back 28

small, shiny masses

Front 29

endosymbiotic theory

Back 29

eukaryotic cells formed when aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ingested other bacteria

Front 30

the ingestion of aerobic bacteria resulted in formation of

Back 30

mitochondria

Front 31

ingestion of cyanobacteria resulted in formation of

Back 31

chloroplasts

Front 32

secondary endosymbiosis resulted in

Back 32

the formation of various other plastids when single-celled red or green alga were ingested by other eukaryotic cells

Front 33

eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in the composition of their ______ and the structure of their _______

Back 33

cell walls, flagella

Front 34

what are the five supergroups of protists?

Back 34

excavata
chromalveolata
rhizaria
archaeplastida
unikonta

Front 35

what are the three clades in excavata?

Back 35

diplomonadida, parabasala, euglenozoa

Front 36

diplomonadida (5 characteristics)

Back 36

parasitic
lack plastids
highly reduced mitochondria
two equal sized nuclei
multiple flagella

Front 37

parabasala (8 characteristics)

Back 37

mainly anaerobic
lack plastids
highly reduced mitochondria
have golgi-complex that is connected by parabasal fibers to the flagella
most live as symbionts; a few are pathogenic parasites
release hydrogen gas as by-product
one nucleus
multiple flagella

Front 38

trichomoniasis

Back 38

an std involving the parabasalid trichomonas

Front 39

mitosome

Back 39

a highly reduced mitochondrion which lacks DNA, ETCs, and enzymes associated with citric acid cycle

Front 40

the two common groups of euglenozoans are...

Back 40

the euglenids and the kinetoplastids

Front 41

kinetoplast

Back 41

a single large mitochondrion

Front 42

paramylon

Back 42

the storage product in photosynthetic euglenozoans

Front 43

euglenozoa (3 characteristics)

Back 43

one or 2 flagella w/ crystalline rod of unknown function

one large mitochondrion; disk-shaped cristae

range from photosynthetic autotrophs to BLOOD PARASITES.

Front 44

euglenids (3 characteristics)

Back 44

flagella emerge from a reservoir

pellicle beneath the cell membrane

paramylon is the storage molecule

Front 45

kinetoplastids have . . .

Back 45

a single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast

Front 46

pellicle

Back 46

flexible protein beneath the cell membrane that permits euglena to change shape as it moves

Front 47

contractile vacuole

Back 47

rids the organism of excess water

Front 48

mixotrophic

Back 48

live as photosynthetic autotrophs in the presence of light, but absorb organic nutrients as heterotrophs in the absence of light. many euglena are this

Front 49

phototropic

Back 49

moves toward light