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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Study of body structures (Dimensions, shape, location, colour, composition |
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Physiology |
Study of body functions (mechanisms, interactions, communication systems) |
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Chemical level |
Atoms - Molecules Atoms are smallest unit found that forms a chemical element Molecules are electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
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Cellular level |
Organelle - Smooth muscle cell Organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells. Smooth muscle cells are myocytes spindle shaped with a wide middle and can tense and relax. Their function is contraction.
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Tissue level |
Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissues perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. |
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Organ system level |
Heart blood vessels |
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Organ level |
Blood vessels |
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Organismal level |
A person |
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Chemical element |
A pure substance which cannot be broken down any further by chemical means There are 26 chemical elements 4 major elements 8 lesser elements 14 tracer elements |
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Major elements |
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Make up 96.2 percent of body mass |
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Oxygen |
65 percent Major component of organic and inorganic molecules Used as solvent in all body and cellular fluids, and oxygen gas. |
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Carbon |
18.5 percent Major component of organic molecules including sugars, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
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Hydrogen |
Constituent of H20 and most organic molecules |
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Nitrogen |
3.2 percent Component of all protein and nucleic acid molecules |
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Atom |
Smallest unit of an element that stil retains the physical and chemical properties of that element |
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Basic atomic structure |
Atom = protons + neutrons + electrons |
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How to calculate elements? |
Protons = atomic number Neutrons = mass number - atomic number Electrons = atomic number - charge |
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Molecule |
Substance formed by 2 or >2 atoms joined together by chemical bonds |
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Compound |
Substance that contains atoms from 2 or more than 2 different elements |
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Ion Cation Anion |
Atom which has a positive or negative charge Cation is positive Anion is negative |
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Covalent bond |
Bond formed as a result of 2 or more than 2 atoms sharing electrons |
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Inorganic compound Organic compounds
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Compounds that usually lack carbon Compounds that always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen Always have covalent bonds |
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Inorganic compounds structure |
Structure is simple Size is small Cannot perform complex functions Cannot carry energy necessary for metabolism |
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Organic compounds structure |
Complex structure Large structure Can be used to perform complex functions Can carry energy necessary for metabolism |
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Main characteristics h20 |
Resistant to changes in temperature Can absorb or release large amounts of heat Absorbs heat when it evaporates |
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Percent of bodyweight made up of h20 |
Infants 80% Adults 60% (higher in men) Seniors 45% |
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Biochemistry |
Study of chemical processes in living organisms Chemical structure and composition Chemical reactions |
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Carbohydrate Lipid Protein |
Pasta - example is glycogen Butter example is Triglyceride Meat example is hemoglobin |
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Monomer Polymer |
Sub unit building block Example is glucose Group of linked subunits Example is nucleic acid and protein |
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides (sugar formed when two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage)
Polysaccharides
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Major source of energy Carbohydrate molecules that cannot be broken down by Hydrolysis into smaller molecules. Dextrose, fructose, glucose Sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glyosidic linkage. Provides quick source of energy. Sucrose, lactose, Maltose. Long polymeric carbohydrates most abundant. Energy storage or structural support. Cellulose, starch, glycogen
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Polymer Monomer |
Any class of natural or synthetic substancr composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules Monomers are small molecules, mostly organic |
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Main chemistry of h20 |
Inorganic compound 2 covalent bonds Polar |
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Monosaccharides |
Hexoses Pentoses Triose |
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Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction |
Creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released When a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds Joining of smaller molecules into larger ones (dehydration synthesis) When Large molecules in living cells are broken down or degraded (hydrolysis) |
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Disaccharides (Two monosaccarides linked by covalent bonds) |
Sucrose Maltose lactose |
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Polysaccharides |
Chain of linked monosaccharides = polymer Non water soluable Storage form of carbohydrates and structural compounds Example glycogen (animal polysaccharide) Starch cellulose (plant) |
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Protein structure |
Primary level = Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, which is genetically determined Secondary level = twisting and folding of a peptide. Helix Tertiary level = interactions between amino acids on a polypeptide. Quaternary level = Overall structure resulting from aggregation of 2 or more than 2 polypeptides and interactions between the polypeptides. Fibrous proteins example collagen Globular proteins example hemoglobin |
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Lipidd |
Contains oxygen(little) hydrogen and carbon Insoluble in water (hydrophonic) Contains mostly hydrocarbon chains |
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Fatty acids |
Carboxyl group (combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom) Carbon backbone Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid |
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Hexose Pentose Triose |
A hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms. Examples are glucose fructose and galactose C H O |
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Functional group |
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties |
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Major functions of carbohydrates Glucose Glycogen and starch Glycocalyx on cell membrane Deoxyribose in DNA. Ribose in RNA. Glucose in ATP. Chondroitin sulfate in cartilage. |
Energy source Energy storage Cell recognition Component of other macromolecules Structural |
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Carboxyl group |
Combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom |
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Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid (monosaturated, polyunsaturated) |
Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms Single + at least one double covalent bonds between carbon atoms Single C=C double bond and kink More than 1 C=C double bond and kink |
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Fatty acids include: Fats Oils |
Solid at room temperature Mostly saturated fatty acids Densely packed fatty acids Liquid at room temperature Mostly Unsaturated fatty acids Loosely packed fatty acids |
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Triglycerides Ester linkage |
Structure = Glycerol + Fatty acid Formed between the oxygen molecules of glycerol and the hydroxyl molecules of fatty acids |
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Phospholipids |
Major component of cell membranes. |
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Steroids |
Cholesterol Bile salts Vitamin D Sex hormones: Testosterone Estradiol |
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Common lipids |
Glycolipids: structural component of cell membranes used as cell identity markers Prostaglandin: chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities Fat soluable vitamins: compounds obtained mostly from the diet which help metabolize important nutrients. |
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Proteins |
Always contain Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Many also contain Sulphur and phosphorus Complex organic molecules Widely distributed in body Different levels of structural organization |
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Protein structure |
Amino acids (monomers) Peptide or polypeptide (polymer) Protein (1 or more than 1 polypeptide) |
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20 different amino acids NonPolar side chains; hydrophobic Polar side chains: Hydrophilic Electrically charged side chains: hydrophilic |
A nonpolar molecule has no separation of charge. Lacking affinity for water A Polar molecule has a charge. Having strong affinity for water. |
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The two ways of representing protein structure |
Ribbon model Space filling model |
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Protein denaturation |
Starts off with functional protein. Altered environmemt such as heat or substances added turns it into non function protein. (Denatured) |
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Major functions of proteins Structural Transport Regulatory Movement Immune response Cell signaling Catalysis |
Collagen Keratin Microtubules Hemoglobin Ion channels Hormones Neurotransmitters Myosin Actin Immuniglobulins (Antibodies) Membrane receptors Cytokines Enzymes |
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Nucleic acid |
Always present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, phosphorus. Very long chain of nucleotides Found mostly inside body cells Our genetic material |
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Nucleotide |
Basic structure of the monomer |
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Nucleotides and their bonds Pyrimidines Purines |
Purine and pyrimidines are the Nitrogen bases that hold DNA together through hydrogen bonds. |
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Types of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
Structure Double stranded Carbohydrate = Deoxyribose Bases = A,T,G,C Main role and functions Store hereditary material (genes and other) Blueprint for synthesis of proteins Direct protein synthesis via rna |
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What is a gene? |
Unit if inheritance Unique sequence of DNA which programs the synthesis of a specific protein |
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Types of nucleic acids Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
StructureSingle stranded = riboseBases = A,U,G,CMain role and functionsFacilitate protein synthesisCarry genetic information from DNA in nucleus go cytoplasm or within mitochondria 3 main types with specific roles:mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. |
