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164 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Energy?
The capacity to do work
What are the two Laws of Thermodynamics?
1. Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created/destroyed
2. Entropy or disorder increases unless energy is supplied to maintain order
What is life's main energy source?
Sunlight
What is life's main energy carrying molecule?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
How does ATP transfer energy?
Gives up third phosphate group, becomes ADP
What do we call a chemical reaction that involved the transfer of a phosphate group?
Phosphorylation
What are Redox Reductions?
Oxidation Reduction Reactions. Electrons transferred from one molecule to another
If a molecule is oxidized, it (gains or gives up?) electrons
Gives up
What is an Electron Transport Chain?
Enzyme which accepts or gives up electrons in a sequence. Electrons give up a little energy in each step of chain
What are Metabolic Pathways?
Enzyme controlled sequences of chemical reactions
What is an Anabolic Pathway?
Requires inputs of energy. Construct high energy molecules from smaller.
What is the most important Anabolic Pathway?
Photosynthesis
What is a Catabolic Pathway?
Releases energy. Breaks down molecules into small, low energy products.
What is the most important Catabolic Pathway?
Cellular Respiration
What are enzymes made for?
Proteins
What is a substrate?
Name for molecules which bind to enzyme to create a faster chemical reaction
What is an active site?
Location on enzyme where substrate will bind
What is Activation Energy?
Energy needed to start chemical reaction
How do Enzymes work?
Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Why are enzymes important such important biological molecules?
1. make chemical reactions happen hundreds times faster
2. most enzymes can be reused
3. lower activation energy
What are co-factors?
Help enzyme function properly, move electrons and hydrogen ions frm one reaction to another
What are Environmental Factors?
Temperature, ph, etc. in specific limits for enzymes to function
What are Inhibitors (Allosteric Activators)?
Can bind to the enzyme, change shape, and can either block or allow enzyme to bind to substrate
What is Feedback Inhibition?
When reaction product is too common, blocks enzyme from producing
What is Diffusion?
Tendency for solution to move from high to low concentration
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of water from region of high to low concentration
What controls diffusion rate?
1. steeper concentration gradient = faster diffusion
2. smaller solute = faster diffusion
3. higher temp. = faster
What drives the movement of molecules in Diffusion/Osmosis?
Temperature
What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
Force that a fluid exerts against a membrane of other structure
What can cross the cell membrane?
Hydrophobic molecules, O2, CO2, other small non polar molecules
What cannot cross the cell membrane?
Hydrophillic molecules, glucose, ions, other large polar molecules
What is Passive Transport?
Does not require energy, movement w/ concentration gradient
What is Active Transport?
Requires energy, movement against concentration gradient
What is Exocytosis?
Moving something out of cell
What is Endocytosis?
Moving something into cell
How old are the oldest known fossils?
3.5 Billion years old
What living organisms are the oldest known fossils most like?
Cyanobacteria
What are the properties of life?
1. Capacity for Metabolism
2. Controlled responses to environment
3. Growth
4. Self-reproductivity
What is metabolism?
controlled chemical reactions that acquire/use energy
What are structural features all cell's share?
1. Plasma or cell membrane
2. DNA, RNA or ribosomes
3. Cytoplasm
What is the main component of the Plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Describe the phospholipids
1 hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
Describe the cell membrane.
Phopholipid bilayer
What is DNA?
Instructions for making proteins
What is RNA?
molecules that read DNA and construct proteins
Why is DNA a better genetic code then RNA?
RNA- single stranded, easily broken
DNA- double stranded, twisted, stable
What is the Cytoplasm?
water based "juice" inside the cell
What are Prokaryotic Cells?
Smallest, simplest cells
1. DNA kept in nucleoid area, no membrane
2. DNA circular, not linear
3. Plasmids, small circles of DNA, transferred between bacterial cells
What are the two domains?
Archaea and Bacteria
What is Endosymbiosis?
Third Kingdom, Eukaryotic cells formed from fusion of Archaea and Bacteria
What is the process of Endosymbiosis?
1. 1-2 billion years ago, Archaea cell engulfed a Bacteria cell, became mitochondria
2. Second Bacteria cell engulfed, became chloroplast
What is Evidence for symbiotic bacterial origin?
1. have their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
2. genetic code of Bacteria
3. circular DNA
What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?
1. single or multi celled
2. DNA in nucleus (w/membrane)
3. DNA is linear
4. Endomembrane system
What is nucleus?
membrane that surrounds DNA
What is Nuclear membrane made of?
Phospholipid bi layer
Why is DNA kept in the nucleus?
Protect it from surrounding chemical reactions
What is the Endoplasmic system?
Flattened sacs inside the cell
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
E.R. site where proteins/lipids assembled
What are Golgi Bodies?
transports things out of cell
What are Vesicles?
sacs that bud off the E.R., golgi bodies, etc.
What are Lysosomes?
digest things inside the cell
What are Peroxisomes?
site of alcohol detoxification in liver cells, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
What are Vacuoles?
fluid filled sacs store food
What is the Cytoskeleton?
protein filaments that give cells shape
What is the equation for the process of photosynthesis?
12 H20 + 6 CO2 -->light--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
When was the Big Bang?
About 15 billion years ago
What happened within a second after the Big Bang?
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons were formed
What happened about 300,000 years after the Big Bang?
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons clump together, form H and He molecules
What is Hydrogen made from?
1 Proton 1 Electron
What is Helium made from?
2 Protons, 2 Neutrons, 2 Electrons
What happened 1 billion years after the Big Bang?
H and He clouds clumping --> galaxies and stars
When did the Sun form?
5 billion years ago
How hot is the Sun?
11,000 degrees F on surface
28,000,000 degrees F in core
Where does Sun get it's energy?
Turning H molecules --> He through nuclear fusion
What are two most abundant elements in the universe?
H and He
When did the Earth form?
4.6 Billion years ago
What are some characteristics of Earth?
-Hot interior
-Magnetic field and atmosphere
-Liquid water/ice/vapor
Where does the Earth get interior heat?
Radioactive elements/decay in Earth's core
When did the moon form?
B/wn 4 and 4.6 billion years old
How did the moon form?
Mars sized asteroid slammed into Earth
What are some general characteristics of the moon?
-cold interior
-no atmosphere, magnetic field
-some ice at poles
Where did the Earth's atmosphere come from?
Gases released when Earth's mantle was compressed into layers
What's Earth's early atmosphere compared to today's?
Lots of CO2
Very little Oxygen
What caused an increase in the amount of Oxygen gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
Very little CO2
Lots of Oxygen
What caused a decrease in the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere?
Evolution of photosynthesis
CO2 tied up in living organisms
What is currently increasing the amount of the Carbon Dioxide?
Burning of fossil fuels releases carbon
What layer of atmospheric gas protects life on Earth?
Ozone layer
What does Oxygen gas protect the Earth against?
Ultraviolet (radiation)
How is the Ozone layer formed?
O2 combines with O --> O3 (ozone)
How high and thick is the Ozone layer?
31 miles high and a few mm's thick
How much of the Earth's surface covered in water?
75%
How much of the Earth's water is salt water?
97%
How much of the Earth's water is fresh water?
3%
How much fresh water is tied up in glaciers/ice caps?
69%
When was the origin of life on Earth?
3.5 billion years ago
When was the origin of photosynthesis?
2.5 billion years ago
When was the origin of eukaryotic cells?
1-2 billion years ago
When did the first land animals and plants appear?
500 million years ago
What is an Element?
Name given to atoms w/ same number of proton in their nucleus
What is an Atomic Number?
# of Protons = # of Electrons, atom is neutral
What is Mass Number?
Total number of Protons and Neutrons
What is an Isotope?
Element w/ same # of Protons, but different # of Neutrons
What are common examples of Carbon Isotopes?
C12 = 6 Protons, 6 Neutrons
C14 = 6 Protons, 8 Neutrons
What is Radioactive Decay?
Element has too many neutrons, may be unstable, give off energy as it decays
What do we call the time it takes for half the same to decay?
Half Life
How do tracer studies work?
Attach radioactive molecules to molecules and track where they go
How many levels does the first electron shell hold? Second level?
First- 2 e-
Second- 8 e-
What is the make up of Oxygen?
8 Protons, 8 Neutrons, 8 e-
What is an Ion?
When atom loses/gains e-, becomes positively or negatively charged
What is an Ionic Bond?
one atom gives up an e-, weak bond
What is a Covalent Bond?
Atoms share e-, strongest bond
What is a Non-polar Covalent Bond?
Two identical atoms share e- equally
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
Two different atoms share e- unequally
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
H atoms lock into polar covalent bond, weak bonds (water molecules)
What are five important characteristics of water?
1. Water is a heat reservoir
2. Water is excellent solvent
3. Water is sticky
4. Water evaporates
5. Ice is less dense then water
Water molecules often split into ions of ______ and _______.
Hydrogen (H+) and Hydroxide (OH-)
What is the pH scale?
Measures amount of H+ ions in solution
The greater the H+ concentration, the _____ the pH, the more _______ the solution.
Lower, Acidic
What pH are most fluids in your body?
7.3 to 7.5, slightly basic
What are acids? Example?
molecule that donates H+ ions dissolved in water

HCL- hydrochloric acid --> H + CL
What is Hypoventilation?
Breathing too shallow, blood too acidic
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
Blood is too acidic
What is a base? Example?
Molecule that accepts H+ ions

Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2)
What is Hyperventilation?
Breathing too rapidly, Blood too basic
What is Tetany?
Blood is too basic
What are salts? Example?
molecule releases ions other then H+ when dissolved in water

Sodium Chloride (NaCL)
Why is Sea Salt bigger than table salt?
Sea salt = NaCL, KCL, MgCL, CaCL
Salt = NaCL
Why is carbon an important biological element?
Needs four e- to complete outer shell, four bonds
What are Functional Groups?
single atoms or clusters covalently bonded to carbon atoms
What is an organic molecule?
Molecule w/ Carbon and H atom
What is a Carbohydrate?
Sugars. Polar, hydrophillic and most abundant
What is a simple sugar? example?
Monosacharides, brain's preferred food

ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
What is a short-chain sugar? three examples?
Disaccharides

ex. Sucrose
ex 2. Glucose + Fructose
ex 3. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
What are long chain sugars?
Complex Carbohydrates
What are the types of sugars?
1. Simple sugar
2. Short chain sugar
3. Long chain sugar
What is Cellulose?
Plant cell walls rigid
Humans cannot digest
What is Starch?
How plants store the glucose they make
What is Glycogen?
How animals store glucose they eat
What are characteristics of Lipids?
Non-polar, Hydrophobic, Greasy/oily
What are Fats and Fatty Acids?
Long chain of carbon atoms
What are Saturated Fatty Acids?
Carbons joined by single bonds, saturated with H atoms
What are Unsaturated Fatty Acids?
Double bonds b/wn some Carbon atoms
Animal fats are _____ at room temp.
Plant fats are ______ at room temp.
Solid, Liquid
What are Triglycerides?
Most abundant lipids in body
Richest source of energy
Where do vertebrates store triglycerides?
Tiny droplets inside fat cells of adipose tissue
Why do you store triglycerides but not sugars?
Fats have twice as much energy
What are Phospholipids?
Component of cell membrane
Nonpolar hydrophobic tails
Polar hydrophilic head
How do we make Vitamin D?
Sunlight (UVB) converts cholesterol into Vitamin D
What are Proteins?
Made from Amino Acids
What is a Polypeptide Chain?
String of Amino Acids
What is light?
Packets of Electromagnetic energy, called photons
What is the relationship b/wn wavelength and energy level?
Shorter wave length, more energy
Blue is more then Red
What is the overview of Photosynthesis?
12 H20 + 6 CO2 --> light energy/enzymes --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H20
What is a pigment molecule?
molecule that can absorb light energy
What is the most abundant plant pigment?
Chlorophyll
Which wavelengths of light does Chlorophyll absorb?
Blue and Red light
Which wavelengths of light does Chlorophyll reflect?
Green light
What are Accessory Pigments?
Helps capture other wavelengths
What are Carotenes?
Accessory Pigments which reflect red and orange (carrots)
What are Xanthophylls?
Accessory Pigments which reflect yellow, brown, purple (corn)
What are photosystems?
Ring of pigment molecules surrounding a reaction center
How does the Photosystem work?
Life comes in, bounces around pigment molecules, lands in pigment center
How do Pigment Molecules work?
Exciting E- to a higher energy state
An Excited e- can do one of three things:
1. Drop back down to original shell, give off heat
2. Drop back down to original shell, give off florescent
3. Captured by another molecule