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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Five characteristics of living things |
• highly organized (and made up of cells) • regulate metabolic processes • respond to stimuli • reproduce/develop • have the ability to evolve |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all biological chemical processes |
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Photosynthesis |
Plants use energy from the sun |
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Fission |
Cells splitting to reproduce |
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Four ways responding to stimuli can help an organism |
• escape predators • capture prey • optimize exposure to sunlight and find water • attract a mate |
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Cellular respiration |
Animals utilize chemical energy stored within food molecules |
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atoms |
smallest unit of matter |
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molecule |
unit of two/more atoms |
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cells |
structural unit of all living things |
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tissues |
group of cells with common function |
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organ |
group of tissues working together |
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organ system |
organs working together |
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organism |
an individual |
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population |
organisms of the same species |
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community |
interacting populations |
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ecosystem |
community + environment |
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biosphere |
regions of Earth's crust |
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the four kingdoms of Eukarya |
- Protista - Plantae - Fungi - Animalia |
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What is the largest domain of life by sheer number? |
bacteria |
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How many cells are in a bacteria? |
one |
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Do bacteria have cell walls? |
yes |
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two ways bacteria is important to humans |
digestion and skin |
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Where do archaea live? |
in extreme environments |
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How many cells do archaea have? |
one |
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the six steps of the scientific method |
1.) initial observation 2.) formulating a hypothesis 3.) designing an experiment 4.) performing experiment 5.) gathering data 6.) analyzing data |
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null hypothesis |
no effect or relationship between groups |
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dependent variable |
influenced by independent variable |
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independent variable |
variable being tested or changed |
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controlled variable |
variable being made consistent throughout experiment |
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two things that can be done with a hypothesis |
supported or rejected |
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matter |
anything that takes up space |
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What is all matter comprised of? |
elements |
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What are all elements comprised of? |
atoms |
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What are all atoms comprised of? |
protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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chemistry |
science that deals with compositions, properties, and reactions of matter |
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atoms |
smallest complete unit of matter |
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elements |
made up of one type of matter |
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What two things foes an atom contain? |
a nucleus and a cloud of electrons |
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charge of protons |
positive |
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What do protons give an atom? |
its identity |
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charge of neutrons |
neutral |
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What do neutrons play a role in? |
atomic mass |
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charge of electrons |
negative charge |
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What do electrons give an atom? |
its personality
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What is the number of protons equal to? |
the number of electrons |
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atomic number |
number of protons |
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isotope |
same atomic number but different number of neutrons |
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atomic mass |
number of protons plus number of neutrons |
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chemical bonds |
allow you to link atoms together to create new compounds or molecules |
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three types of chemical bonds |
- ionic - covalent -hydrogen |
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ionic bonds |
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating a charged atom known as an ion
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cation |
positively charged ion |
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anion |
negatively charged ion |
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covalent bonds |
when electrons are shared between atoms; electrons orbit around both atoms, making them stable |
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two types of covalent bonds |
polar and non-polar |
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non-polar covalent bonds |
electrons are shared equally among the atoms |
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polar covalent bonds |
electrons are shared unequally among atoms, creating a positive charge |
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hydrogen bonds |
responsible for holding molecules together; form a bridge instead of electrons transferring |
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Which type of chemical bond is the weakest? |
hydrogen bond |
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What gives water its unique properties? |
hydrogen bonds
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pH |
the amount of ionized hydrogen from water in a solution |
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pH of water |
7 |
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acid |
any substance that dissolved in water and increases the amount of hydrogen; pH below 7 |
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base |
any substance that yields hydroxide (OH-) when dissolved in water |
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What does an acid yield when in water? |
hydrogen and an anion |
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What does a base yield when dissolved in water? |
hydroxide (OH-) and a cation |
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alkaline |
basic |
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What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? |
simple sugars |
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What are the building blocks of proteins? |
amino acids |
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What are most enzymes? |
proteins
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What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
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nucleotides
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four types of macromolecules |
- proteins - nucleic acids - carbohydrates - lipids |
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monomers |
small components that assemble macromolecules |
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polymer
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assembled chain of monomers |
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carbohydrates |
make up structural framework of cells and play a critical role in energy storage; any molecule that contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio |
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What are simple carbs made of? |
one or two monomers |
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What are complex carbs made of? |
polymers |
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Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
hydrophilic |
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two examples of carbohydrates |
starch and glycogen |
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What elements do lipids contain? |
carbon, hydrogen, and low numbers of oxygen |
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three types of lipids |
triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steroids |
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What are triglycerides made up of? |
glycerol and three fatty acid chains |
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What are phospholipids a major component in? |
cell mambraines |
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What are phospholipids made of? |
two fatty acid chains and phosphorus |
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What are steroids made up of? |
four rings of carbon atoms
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COOH+NH2 |
amino acid |
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four functions of steroids |
receptors, antibodies, enzymes, and structural materials |
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enzymes
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proteins that serve as catalysts in reactions |
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lock and key (induced fit) |
a specific substrate is needed to fit in an enzyme |
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What three things make up amino acids? |
carboxylic acid group, amino group, R group |
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nucleotides in DNA |
T, A, G, C |
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nucleotides in RNA |
U, A, G, C |
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hydrolysis reaction |
when a water molecule is added to a substance |
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dehydration reaction |
involved the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule |
