Biol 1020 Mini Test 2

Front 1

Cell cycle checkpoints

Back 1

G1 - does the cell need to divide again? (big enough? tissue meant to be dividing? if not -->G0)

G2 - was DNA damaged during S phase?

M - are chromosomes attached to spindle?

Front 2

Cyclin

Back 2

Protein that combines with Cdk to form MPF which activates mitosis proteins

Starts being produced middle of S phase

Degrades after mitosis is completed

Front 3

Cdk

Back 3

Cyclin dependant kinase

Always present

Binds with cyclin in mitosis to form MPF

Front 4

MPF

Back 4

Maturation promoting factor

Protein complex that activates mitosis proteins

After mitosis, protein complex breaks down

Front 5

Proteins necessary for cell cycle control

Back 5

Cyclin

Cdk

MPF

Front 6

Proto-oncogenes

Back 6

Genes that promote cell division and can be turned on and off

Front 7

Oncogenes

Back 7

Proto-oncogenes that haven't been turned off -- leads to cancer

Front 8

Ways proto-oncogenes become oncogenes

Back 8

- new promoter increases growth stimulating protein production

- gene amplification

- point mutation in control element causing excess growth stimulating protein production

Front 9

Gene

Back 9

Basic unit of inheritance

Front 10

Trait

Back 10

Heritable physical trait

Front 11

Linking traits and genes

Back 11

Proteins which cause structure and function of organism parts are coded by genes

Front 12

Autotroph

Back 12

Organism that produces its own amino acids

Front 13

Heterotroph

Back 13

Must consume amino acids

Front 14

Look at Beadle and Tatum experiment

Back 14

--

Front 15

Central dogma

Back 15

DNA -> mRNA -> protein

Front 16

Genome

Back 16

All the genes of one species

Front 17

Transcription

Back 17

mRNA from template DNA in nucleus

Exons kept, introns removed

Front 18

Translation

Back 18

Occurs in cytoplasm

rRNA translates mRNA codons creating polypeptide (protein) from codons

Front 19

DNA sections

Back 19

Coding + control (promoter)

Front 20

Chromatin

Back 20

Condensed DNA-protein complex

Front 21

Histones

Back 21

Proteins that DNA is wrapped around

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

(+) charge attracts DNA of (-) charge

Front 22

Ocatmer

Back 22

Two of each histone protein

Forms the core of nucleosome

Front 23

Nucleosome

Back 23

Structure consisting of histone octamer and 1.65 wraps of DNA molecule

Front 24

Euchromatin

Back 24

Relaxed, transcribable chromatin

Genes are more likely to be here

Front 25

Heterochromatin

Back 25

Compact, transcriptionally silent chromatin

Front 26

Bacterial and Eukaryotic cell size

Back 26

bacteria: 0.5-5um

eukaryotic: 10-100 um

Front 27

Saprophytes

Back 27

Bacteria that degrade organic matter

Front 28

Shapes of bacteria

Back 28

Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals

Front 29

Points on bacterial DNA

Back 29

- no chromosome

- no histones

- much shorter DNA than eukaryotes

- circular DNA

Front 30

Bacterial transcription regulator

Back 30

RNA polymerase (5 subunits) + regulatory sigma

Front 31

Operon

Back 31

Unit of genetic function consisting of promoter, operator and genes

Front 32

Operator

Back 32

Specific DNA sequence binds to corresponding regulatory protein. This regulator-operator complex can turn a gene on or off by interfering with RNA polymerase activity

Front 33

Promoter

Back 33

Specific DNA sequence recognised by RNA polymerase, which binds to the promoter, initiating transcription

Front 34

Histone acetylation

Back 34

Associated with active chromatin

Front 35

Histone methylation

Back 35

Associated with inactive genes

Front 36

Basal promoter

Back 36

in eukaryotic cells

initiates transcription of gene

Front 37

General transcription factors

Back 37

proteins that bind to DNA to initiate transcription of RNA pol 2

usually to enhancer

Front 38

Enhancer

Back 38

sites of DNA that enhance transcription rates

Front 39

general transcription factor examples

Back 39

TATA, TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH

(GTF for poly II)

Front 40

Homeotic mutations

Back 40

Body part replaced by another

Front 41

Homeobox (Hox) genes

Back 41

homeotic genes that encode proteins with homeodomain that binds to DNA --> contains homeobox recognition sequence

These genes are turned on or off depending on area to develop different organs

Front 42

homeodomain

Back 42

helix-turn-helix protein

Front 43

post transcription RNA mod (euk)

Back 43

exons spliced together, introns removes

splicing factors control (proteins, non coding RNA)

Front 44

translational gene regulation (euk)

Back 44

mRNA translation rate can control level of gene products by proteins binding to promoter?

Front 45

miRNA

Back 45

non-coding RNA that are processed into smaller, looped fragments

Dicer enzyme removes hairpin loop and transfers RNA to AGO protein complex, forming RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

This can then silence mRNA by cutting off 5' cap and poly a tail

Front 46

RISC

Back 46

RNA-induced silencing complex

Front 47

When can regulation occur in eukaryotes?

Back 47

- chromatin remodelling

- transcription

- RNA processing

- mRNA stability

- translation

- post-translation

Front 48

Virus size

Back 48

20-400 nm

Front 49

general features of a virus

Back 49

nucleic acid

protein capsid

envelope

Front 50

virus morphologies

Back 50

spherical

icosahedral

helical

complex

Front 51

Capsid

Back 51

protein shell of viruses that prevents physical, chemical, or enzymatic damage

Front 52

Stages of virus life cycle

Back 52

1. attachment

2. penetration

3. uncoating

4. transcription/ translation

5. genome replication

6. assembly

7. release

Front 53

Virus genome options

Back 53

dsDNA

ssDNA

dsRNA

ssRNA

all + or - sense

Front 54

+ sense

Back 54

ready for translation (mRNA)

Front 55

- sense

Back 55

must be copied before translation

Front 56

RNA dependent kinase (RdRP)

Back 56

enzyme that copies - and + sense RNA into complementary to make new viruses and mke RNA for gene expression

Front 57

Retrovirus process

Back 57

RNA translated to DNA (reverse transcriptase)

DNA is made to double strand

DNA inserted into host genome

Host functions express + replicate

Front 58

Reverse transcriptase

Back 58

Turns + sense retrovirus RNA into DNA (cDNA)

Front 59

cDNA

Back 59

complementary strand of DNA transcribed from RNA

Front 60

Polio virus stuff

Back 60

+ ssRNA

uses RdRP

enzyme produces - RNA copy

- RNA copy used as template for more + RNA production and viral specific proteins

Front 61

HIV stuff

Back 61

+ ssRNA

reverse transcriptase makes DNA

Double stranded

incorporated into genome --> provirus

provirus makes mRNA (+ RNA)

Front 62

Telomerase

Back 62

protein that adds telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres

Front 63

How enhancers work

Back 63