Biol 1006 Midterm

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Phylogenetic Systematics

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The process of learning where on the tree of life an animal is to be found.

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Hierarchy

Back 2

Refers to the ordering of objects, organisms and categories by nested sets.

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Linnean Hierarchy

Back 3

The hierarchical system devised by Carol Linnaeus, with groups nested within groups. This classification system is the traditional one uses in biology to order all organisms into ranked groups. From largest to smallest, these ranks are:

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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Taxon

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A name given to a group of organisms, ranging from a species to larger groups like family or class

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Phylogeny/Systematics

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The study of the fundamental genealogical relationships among organisms. Typically depicted graphically as a branching diagram.

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Character

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An isolated or single feature of an organism.

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General/Ancestral Character

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A character that diagnoses an entire group and was present in the common ancestor of that group.

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Specific/Derived Character

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A character that diagnoses a subject of a particular group and is therefor derived for some members of that group.

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Clade

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Group of organisms in which all memebers are more closely related to each other than they are to anything else. A clade includes an ancestral species and all of its descendents and is diagnosed by one or more derived characters. Synonymous with "monophyletic group" and "natural group".

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Cladogram

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A hierarchical, branching diagram or tree rhat shows the distribution of shared, derived characters among selected groups or clades organisms.

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Cladistic Analysis

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Analysis of the historical relationships using hierarchies of shared, derived characters. Orginally put forth by a German entomologist named Willi Hennig in 1950. A distinct advantage of cladistics over previous methods is that it provides the potential for repeatability, allowing investigators to rerun the analyses of their colleagues, where necessarry making additons and deletions to the data.

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Node

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A branching point on a phylogenetic diagram.

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Stem

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A branch between two nodes on a cladogram.

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Parsimony

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A principle that states that the simplest explanation that accounts for the greatest number of observations is preferred to more complex explanations accounting for the same data.

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Homologous

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Two features or characters are homologous when they can be traced back to the same structure in a common ancestor.

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Analogous

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Structures that have the same shape or preform in a similar function, but evolved independently.

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Ischigualasto Formation

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The richest deposit dating from the rise of the dinosaurs. In Argentina.

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Herrerasaurus

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Theropod found in the Ischigualasto Formation.

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Eoraptor

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Sauropodomorph found in the Ischigualasto Formation.

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Pisanosaurus

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The most primitave ornithischian and a herbivore. Found in the Ischigualasto Formation.

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Characters of the first dinosaur

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Upright posture

Open hip socket

Opposable thumb for grasping

Functioning three fingered hand

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Dinosaurs edge on competition

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Fully upright posture

Bipedalism

Speed

Intelligence

Warm blooded

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Sauropodomorpha

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Prosauropods

Sauropods

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Sauropods

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Largest animals to ever walk on land

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Plateosaurus

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One of the first large dinosaurs

Prosauropod

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Two major functional types of sauropod skulls

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Camarasaurus and Brachiosaurus - shorter, higher skulls with thick spoon shaped teeth.

Diplodocus - longer, lower skulls with narrow, pencil like teeth.

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During the evolution of sauropods,

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There was an increase in the number of cervical vertebra, and each tended to become long.

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Pneumatized

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Composed only of a series of beams and struts attached by thin sheets of bone.

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Digitigrade

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Walking on their fingertips

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Plantigrade

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Walking on the palms

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Tripodal stance

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Two hind legs and tail to support lifting the front half of the body

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Sauropod feeding

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Used their size to browse the crowns of tall trees

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Group behavior for sauropods

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Frequently traveled in groups

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Sauropods

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Saurischia

Sauropodomorpha

Eoraptor

Saturnalia

Prosauropoda

Massospondylus

Seitaad

Riojasaurus

Plateosaurus

Sauropoda

Vulcanodon

Barapasaurus

Neosauropoda

Diplodocus

Jobaria

Camarasaurus

Brachiosaurus

Titanosaurus

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Ornithodira

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Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs belong to this group

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Theropod characters

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Walking bipedally

Body held virtually horizontal

Enlarged hands

Digitograde

Teeth are blade like and serrated

Bones are pneumatic

Increased brain size

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Pneumatic

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Air filled

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Theropod biology and ecology

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Weaponry was used through a variety of body parts

-feet

-arms amd claws

-head and teeth

Pack huntets

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How many species of birds are alive today?

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OVER 9000!!!!!!!!!!!

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The oldest and most primative known bird

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Achaeopteryx

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Compsognathus

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Achaeopteryx look a like

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The Basal Archosaur Hypothesis

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Birds could not be from Dinosaurs because dinosaurs did not have furcula (wishbones). Primitive reptiles were the real ancestors of birds.

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The Crocodilian Hypothesis

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Birds are most closely related to early crocodiles because of similarities in their skulls.

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The Theropod Hypothesis

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Birds are actually theropod dinosaurs.

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Aboreal Hypothesis

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Trees down model

Achaeopteryx was a tree dweller that climbed trees and glided from tree to tree. Eventually learning to fly.

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Terrestrial Hypothesis

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Ground up model

Achaeopteryx was a ground dweller that chased prey and utilized wings as a form of propulsion.

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Palperbral

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A bone over the eye

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Thyreophorans

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Stegosaurus

Ankylosaurus

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Ornithopodans

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Hypsilophodontids

Iguanadontians

Hadrosaurs

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Marginocephalians

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Pachycephalosaurs

Ceratopsians

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Primitive ornithischians

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Pisanosaurus

Lesothosaurus

Heterodontosaurus

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Scutelosaurus

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Most primitive thyreophoran

Early Jurrasic

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Thyreophoran anatomy

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Body armor

Osteoderms

Spikes and plates

Forlimbs are much shorter

Small head

Feeble jaws

Very small brains

Elongated dorsal vertebra

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Nodosaurids

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Longer narrow skulls and large shoulder spikes

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Ankylosaurids

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Short, broad skulls and tail clubs

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Thyreophoran diet

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Ground plants

Minimal food processing

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Thermoregulation

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Control of body temperature

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Thermoregulation

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Control of body temperature

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Ornithopod

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Bird foot dinosaur

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Most successful Herbivorous dinosaur

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Ornithopoda

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Ornithopod anatomy

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Jaw joint is below the tooth row

Variety of dental specialization

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Heterodontosaurids

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Small bodied

Relatively long arms

Tusk like canine teeth

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Hypsilophodontids

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Most primitive radiation of ornithopods

Small

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Dryosaurids

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Relatively small bodied amd fleet footed

Last ornithopod group to have short arms

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Camptosaurids

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Larger bodied

Relatively longer arms

Quadrupedalism

Elongated muzzle

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Iguanadontids

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Large bodied

Long arms

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Hadrosaurids

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Most specialized ornithopod

Large bodied

Long skulls

Expanded, duck like bills

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Hadrosaurines

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Non crested hadrosaurs

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Lambeosaurines

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Crested hadrosaurs

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Hadrosaur teeth

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Dental battery