Bioethics Midterm Review

Front 1

____- we should act in ways that promote the welfare of other people

Back 1

Beneficence

Front 2

_____ – similar cases ought to be treated similarly or equals ought to be treated equally.

Back 2

justice

Front 3

____- we should act in such a way as to bring about the greatest benefit and the least harm

Back 3

Utility

Front 4

____– we ought to act in ways that do not cause needless harm or injury to others

Back 4

nonmaleficence

Front 5

_____– rational individuals should be permitted to be self-determining

Back 5

autonomy

Front 6

____ – a type of ethical relativism. According to this, moral views are relative to different cultures. If on culture believes polygamy is acceptable and another culture tolerates only monogamy, both views are equally valid. There is no way to argue that one view is better than another.

Back 6

Cultural relativism

Front 7

____ ____ – A branch of ethics that uses the conceptual tools of ethics to resolve particular moral problems. For example, is it morally justifiable to assist a terminally ill patient to die, and if so, under what conditions?

Back 7

applied ethics

Front 8

____ ____ – An empirical study of existing moral views. ____ ____ describes what is the case, not what ought to be the case, and focuses on explaining the origins of why people hold the views they do.

Back 8

Descriptive ethics
Descriptive ethics

Front 9

____ _____ – a type of argumentation that draws inferences that may or may not be true. ____ ____s give probable but not conclusive support to their conclusions. It is possible in an ____ ____ to have premises that are true but a conclusion that is false.

Back 9

Inductive argument
Inductive argument
Inductive argument

Front 10

____ – A subfield of applied ethics that focuses on moral problems in health care, scientific research, and biotechnology.

Back 10

Bioethics

Front 11

Bioethics is a more inclusive term than ____ ____, although they are often used interchangeable. ____ ____ is an older term that refers more narrowly to ethical problems that arise in the practice of medicine.

Back 11

Medical ethics
Medical ethics

Front 12

____ ____ – A study of what is morally right and what is morally wrong with regard to human action. ____ ____ endeavors to provide a reasoned justification for determinations of “right” and “wrong”.

Back 12

Normative ethics
Normative ethics

Front 13

____ ____ – A type of ethical relativism. According to ____ ____, moral views are relative to different individuals. If one person believes lying is acceptable and another person believes in truth-telling, both views are equally valid. There is no way to argue that one view is better than another.

Back 13

Subjective relativism
Subjective relativism

Front 14

____ ____ – is the polar opposite of ethical relativism, but it is still distinct from moral objectivism. Like moral objectivism, ____ ____ maintains that there are objective moral standards. But ____ ____ goes further than moral objectivism and insists that there can be no exceptions to moral standards. They must be applied the same way at every time, in every culture, with every person.

Back 14

Moral absolutism
Moral absolutism
Moral absolutism

Front 15

____ – The idea that moral rules or norms apply in all relevantly similar situations.

Back 15

Universality

Front 16

____ ____- A type of argument whose conclusion is a moral statement, “an assertion that an action is right or wrong or that a person or motive is good or bad.”(Vaughn, p.22) A ____ ____ typically has at least one premise that asserts a moral rule or norm and at least one premise that describes an action or circumstances. These premises together support a conclusion that makes a moral statement or judgment about a specific action or circumstance.

Back 16

Moral Argument
Moral Argument

Front 17

____ ____ – A belief that moral standards have no objective truth, because there is not objective truth, only subjective beliefs or opinions that are relative to different individuals or cultures.

Back 17

Ethical Relativism

Front 18

____ ____ – The belief that at least some moral standards are objective rather than subjective. They have some objective truth that transcends different individuals' opinions and different cultures' customs.

Back 18

Moral objectivism

Front 19

____ – Is the study of morality. ____ can be thought of as a branch of philosophy. The branche that focuses on evaluating moral judgments and standards. The primary interest of ethics is morality. There is a natural overlap between ethics and the law, but these are not completely overlapping domains. It is certainly possible to have a law that is unethical, for example. Similarly, there is some relationship between religion and ethics. It is certainly possible to make a moral argument that is independent of any reference to religious belief.

Back 19

Ethics

Front 20

___ ___ ____ – The view that morality depends upon or is derived from the will of God. What makes an action right is that it is God's will or commanded by God. What makes an action wrong is that it is forbidden by God. Divine command theory presupposed a close relationship between morality and religion.

Back 20

Divine command Theory

Front 21

____ ____ – A type of argumentation that works logically from premises to conclusions. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. ____ ____ give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

Back 21

Deductive arguments
Deductive arguments

Front 22

____- the overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his own good.

Back 22

Paternalism

Front 23

____- A person's rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination.

Back 23

Autonomy

Front 24

The principle of ____ says that we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (or benefit over harm) for all concerned.

Back 24

Utility

Front 25

The principle of ____ in its most general form says that we should do good to others and avoid doing them harm.

Back 25

beneficence

Front 26

____, temporarily restraining seriously depressed or psychotic patients form injuring or killing themselves.

Back 26

Weak paternalism

Front 27

____- the view that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved.

Back 27

Utilitarianism

Front 28

____-The idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.

Back 28

Act-Utilitarianism

Front 29

____- A right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad.

Back 29

Rule-Utilitarianism

Front 30

____-moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results.

Back 30

Consequentialist

Front 31

____ theory; the main idea is that these theories aim at a particular end or goal.

Back 31

Teleological

Front 32

____ theories; the main idea is that these theories propose to follow general moral rules and judge the rightness of actions themselves on the basis of these rules.

Back 32

Deontological

Front 33

____ ethics; the main idea is that this focuses on the character of the person acting.

Back 33

Virtue

Front 34

____ ____ theory aims for human flourishing.

Back 34

Natural Law

Front 35

____ aims for good consequences.

Back 35

Utilitarianism.

Front 36

A ____ ____ says do this - regardless.

Back 36

Categorical imperative

Front 37

____ ____- a command to do something if we want to achieve particular aims, as in "if you ant good pay, work hard"

Back 37

Hypothetical Imperative

Front 38

____ ____, the very antithesis of utilitarianism, holding that right actions do not depend in the least on consequences, the maximization of utility, the production of happiness, or the desires and needs of human beings.

Back 38

Kantian Ethics

Front 39

___ ____ theory, the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason.

Back 39

Natural Law

Front 40

___ ____ ____ ____- Performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect.

Back 40

Doctrine of double effect

Front 41

____- We ought to act in ways that do not cause needless harm or injury to others. (first do no harm)

Back 41

Nonmaleficence

Front 42

____ Principle - restrict autonomy if there is a great social benefit to be gained

Back 42

Welfare

Front 43

____ Principle - restrict autonomy if there is harm to others

Back 43

Harm

Front 44

____ _____ Principle - restricts autonomy if the action offends society's morals

Back 44

legal moralism

Front 45

____ Principle - restricts autonomy if there is harm to self

Back 45

Paternalism

Front 46

____ ____, an ideal for distributing society's benefits and burdens in a fair way

Back 46

Distributive Justice

Front 47

Principle of ____, justice = everyone gets exactly the same

Back 47

equality

Front 48

Principle of ____, justice = people should receive in proportion to their need

Back 48

need

Front 49

Principle of ____, justice = people should recieve in proportion to their contribution

Back 49

Contribution

Front 50

Principle of ____, justice = people should receive in proportion to their effort

Back 50

effort

Front 51

____, explicitly engages in the weighing of costs and benefits.

Back 51

Utility

Front 52

____ ____ ____ ____ - a failure to act with ____ ____ violates the principle of nonmaleficence, even if no harm results, whereas acting with ____ ____ does not violate the principle even if harm does result.

Back 52

Standards of due care
due care
due care

Front 53

____- any controlling influence over the will other than motivation by moral principles.

Back 53

Heteronomy

Front 54

_____- how we judge the acceptability of the maxims or rules that direct our actions, specifically whether they pass the test of the categorical imperative.

Back 54

Universalizability

Front 55

A ____ ____ is absolutely binding and unconditionally universal.

Back 55

categorical imperative

Front 56

kants belief in the ___ ___ and dignity of human beings is an essential part of his theory.

Back 56

intrinsic worth

Front 57

____ ____ ____ - also known as the greatest happiness principle -
actions are right in proportion as the tend to promote happiness, wrong as the tend to produce the reverse of happiness

Back 57

principle of utility

Front 58

____- a contemporary application of utilitarian reasoning that provides a concrete way to measure and calculate costs and benefits

Back 58

cost-benefit analysis

Front 59

____ ____- we look at the moral problem from a distance and ask ourselves what would bring about the greatest happiness for everyone.

Back 59

benevolent spectator

Front 60

principle of ____- each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive system of basic liberties compatible with a similiar system of liberty for all

Back 60

Liberty

Front 61

principle of ____- social and economic inequalities should be arranged - 1) to the greatest benefit to the least privileged
2) with equality of opportunity

Back 61

equality

Front 62

the ____ ____ is an imagined, impartial starting point for establishing the principles of justice.

Back 62

original position

Front 63

____ of _____ - the social contract here actually lays down the ground rules for a fair society

Back 63

theory of justice

Front 64

____- people in a just society ought to be able to pursue their own idea of the good.

Back 64

Rawls theory of justice

Front 65

No one is morally obligated to provide ___ treatment.

Back 65

extraordinary

Front 66

____ treatment is obligatory.

Back 66

ordinary

Front 67

____ principle applies without exceptions.

Back 67

Absolute

Front 68

____ principle applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted.

Back 68

Prima Facie

Front 69

Informed consent components

Back 69

DUCVC
1. The patient is Competent to decide
2. The patient gets an adequate Disclosure of information
3. The patient Understands the information
4. The patient decides about the treatment Voluntarily
5. The patient Consents to the treatment

Front 70

____ ____ ____ is when one person serves two potentially conflicting goals

Back 70

conflict of interest