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7 Cards in this Set

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Spermatophyta

Plant that produce seeds divided into 2 classes (Gymnospermae and Angiosperms)

Gymnospermae (about)

Are naked seeds not surrounded by protective ovary(no fruit)


They produce cones which protect their gametes


The 4 groups of Gymnosperms

* Cycads ( which are palm like plants with comed; mostly found in SA


* Ginkgo ( the only known species are from China and Japan )


* Gnetale the best known eg. of which is the stage desert plant from Namibia desert called welwitschia mirabilis


* Conifers ( which are shrubs and trees found in most parts of the world

Conifer (eggs Pine trees)


Theses are trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen, with needle like leave( their stricture)

*the Sporophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life-cycle of the tree


*the trunk is covered in a thick protective bark.


* Damage to any part of the trunk or branches causes the secretion of resin which covers the wound to deal off a possible entry point for infection

How is the stem and leaves of pine trees (Sporophyte generation) well adapted to life on land?

The stem has supporting tissue and a well developed vascular tissue.


The tree has protective bark


The leaves have cuticle

Make cones

* The male cones occur in clusters and are smaller then female cones


* They produce large quantities of wind dispersed pollen


*The pollen grain has sperm cells it is part of the Gametophte generation.

Female Cones


( These cones contain the egg cell in the ovule which later becomes a seed. There is no ovary around the seeds so no fruit is formed the seeds are naked)

* First year come-on is small and occurs on its own, not in clusters. It opens and traps wind blown pollen on its sticky resin then closes


* Second year come is larger than the 1st year come it remains shut. The pollen fertilises the egg using a pollen tube.


3rd year come is larger still. It opens to release winged naked seed.



The winged seeds are wind dispersed. The total movement of the wing slows down the descent of the seed so the wind can catch it.