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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ancestral Traits |
Shared with an ancestor - Has not changed during the course of evolution. - Does not help much in determining evolutionary relationships. |
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Derived Traits |
Not shared with an ancestor. - Changed over time. |
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Bacteria are: |
prokaryotes. - Meaning no nucleus or organelles. |
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what type of cell is this? |
A typical Bacteria cell |
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Each species of bacteria has unique: |
Colony morphology (appearance) - Bacterial species can be identified this way. |
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Coccus |
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Bacilli |
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spirilla |
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Cyanobacteria are: |
A group of photosynthetic bacteria |
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Cyanobacteria live in: |
Filamentous strands where each unit of the strand is a single bacterial cell. |
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Oscillatoria |
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Anabeana |
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Nostoc |
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Characteristics of Protists: |
- Mostly unicellular - Heterotrophic or autotrophic - Most live in water - ALL are eukaryotic - not a plant, animal or fungi |
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Sarcondina use what for locomotion and feeding? |
Pseudopodia |
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Amoeba - No cell wall - Lobe like pseudopodia |
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Radiolarian - Outer shell made of silica with pores - Pseudopodia stream through pores so they look like needles |
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Mastigophora - Have flagella |
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Ciliophora |
Have cilia |
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Paracemium |
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Apicomplexa are: |
All parasites because they can't move by themselves. |
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Plasmodium with red blood cells. - Causes Malaria |
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Oomycota have: |
Big oogonium with egg cell. - Decomposers like fungi. |
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Saprolegnia |
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Eulengophyta are: |
Photosynthetic, but can swim. |
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Euglena - Tinsel flagella on forehead - Eyespot to detect light |
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Pyrrophyta are: |
Dinoflagellates |
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Peridinum - Two flagella located in grooves. |
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Chrysophyta are: |
Diatoms - Double silica shell. * Very important photosynthetic organism. - Has an enzyme that allows them to convert bicarbonate into carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. |
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Chrysophyta |
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Phaeophyta is..? |
Brown Algae |
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Rhodophyta is..? |
Red Algae - Can grow deeper than any other algae because of photosynthetic pigment Phycobilin. |
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Chlorophyta is..? |
Green Algae |
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Spirogyra |
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Chlamydomonas |
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Alternation of Generation life cycle |
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Describe Byrophytes: |
- Gametophyte- dominant life cycle - No independent sporophyte. (Remains attached and draws nutrients from the gametophyte.) - Dependent of water to complete life cycle. - Flagellated sperm and non-motile egg. - Lack true vascular tissues. |
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Moss Antheridial Head |
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Moss Archegonial Head |
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What happens when a sperm and egg meet? |
A zygote is formed |
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Many mitotic divisions produce what? |
An embryo sporophyte. |
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Moss (Gametophytes with sporophytes attached) |
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Describe seedless vascular plants: |
- The sporophyte is the dominant generation. - Sporophyte is independent and free living. - Vascular tissue are also present - Xylem - Phloem |
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Spore forming sacs called ________ develop on the underside of the fronds. |
Sori |
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Fern Gametophyte |
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Gametophyte with young sporophyte still attached. |
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The _________ degenerates as the _________ matures? |
Gametophyte; Sporophyte |
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What plants produce pollen and seeds? |
The seed plants. |
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What are the two different types of spores? |
Microspores - Give rise to the male gametophyte Megaspores - Give rise to the female gametophyte |
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What are sperm-bearing male gametophytes that develop from microspores? |
Pollen |
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What are female reproductive structures that become a seed? |
Ovules |
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Ovules consist of? |
- Megaspores that become the female gametophyte with egg cell. - Nutrient rich tissue - Jacket of cell layers that will form seed coat |
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How are pollen grains produced? |
Microspore mother cells (diploid) in the microsporangia undergo meiosis to produce the microspores (now haploid). - Mitosis and differentiation of a microspore produces a pollen grain.
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Male cone |
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Pine pollen |
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Why are female cones produced in the higher branches of the tree? |
To promote cross-pollination (different individuals) |
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The megaspore mother cell undergoes ________ to produce ________. |
Meiosis; megaspores - only one is functional |
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What does the female gametophyte produce its egg in? |
Archegonia |
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Female pine cone |
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Describe the Angiosperms: |
- The most dominant group - Flowering plants - Flower parts mature into fruits - Protective container - Dispersal |
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The ______________ is the pollen grain |
Male gametophyte |
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Where are the microsporgania located? |
In the anther of the flower. |
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Cross section of an anther |
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Angiosperm Pollen |
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The ovary is where in the flower? |
In the pistil |
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The megaspore mother cell is located where? |
In the ovule within the ovary of the flower. |
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The megaspore mother cell is surrounded by? |
Megasporangium |
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In flowering plants ______ fertilization occurs |
Double - One sperm fertilizes the egg, the other fertilizes the endosperm. |
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Seed |
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All fungi are ________________ |
Heterotrophic - Incapable of producing their own food |
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They exhibit _____________ digestion |
Extracellular - Secreting enzymes that break down food items externally. |
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Parasites |
Obtain nutrients from a living host |
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Saprobe (decomposer) |
Obtain nutrient from non-living organic matter |
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Mutualist |
Live in a partnership with another organism, both organisms benefiting. |
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The fungal body consists of microscopic filaments called |
Hyphae |
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How are fungi classified? |
By the type of sexual reproductive structure they produce. |
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Fungi that do not reproduce are called what? |
Imperfect fungi |
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Describe zygomycota |
- All members produce zygosporangium (the sexual structure) - Mostly saprobic, with a few parasitic species. |
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Zygospore; Zygosporangium |
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Asscomycota: |
The sac fungi |
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The sexual structure of the sac fungi is the |
Ascus - Where ascospores are produced
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The fruiting body is called: |
Ascocarp |
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Asexual spores are produced and they are called: |
Conidia |
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Cross section of the ascocarp. - The finger like structures are the asci and you can see the darker colored ascospores held within. |
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Basidiomycota: |
The club fungi |
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The fruiting group that results from sexual reproduction is the _______________ |
Basidocarp (a mushroom) - No asexual reproduction in this group |
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Basidiocarp with a stalk and cap |
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____________ are the structures that produce spores asexually |
Conidia |
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Hyphal strands with condo at the tips. |
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a ________ __________ is one where the organisms involved benefit from their close association |
Mutualistic relationship |
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What is a lichen? |
An organism made up of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. - Typically a cyanobacteria or green algae |
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Lichen cross section |
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Describe phylum porifera: |
Sponges - No tissues or organs - Asymmetrical - Filter feeders - No segmentation - Some have spicules for structural support and defense against predators |
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Porifera |
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Describe the phylum cnidaria: |
Jellyfish - Tissues, no organs (diploblastic) - Nerve Net - Gastrovascular cavity (digestion & gas exchange) - Radial symmetry - No segmentation - Medusa and/or polyp life form - Nematocysts, particularly in the tentacles |
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Describe the phylum platyhelminthe |
Flatworms - Three germ layers - Organ systems present - No complete digestive system - Gastrovascular cavity - Bilateral symmetry - Cephalization - No segmentation |
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Describe the phylum nematoda: |
- Pseudocoelomate - Complete digestive tract - Triploblastic - Bilateral symmetry - No segmentation - Muscles arranged longitudinal - Hydrostatic skeleton |
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Phylum Nematoda |
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Describe the phylum mollusca: |
Gastropods (snails), bivalves and cephalopods (octopus) - Protostome - Tripoblastic - Bilateral symmetry - No segmentation - Coelomate with complete gut - Mantle organ that secretes shell |
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Describe the phylum annelida: |
Ex. Earthworm - Segmented worms - Protostome - Triploblastic - Bilateral symmetry - Coelomate - Complete gut - Muscles are arranged in a circular fashion and longitudinal |
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Describe the phylum arthropoda: |
Arachnida (spiders, ticks), crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, crabs) and insecta - Protostome - Triploblastic - Bilateral Symmetry - Coelomate - Complete gut - Segmentation - Exoskeleton with chitin - Jointed appendages - Most diverse animal kingdom - Open circulatory system |
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Describe the phylum echinodermata: |
Ex. Starfish - Deuterostome - Radial and bilateral symmetry - Coelomate - Segmentation - Water vascular system |
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What are the features of the phylum chordata? |
Deuterostomes all share four features: - Nocochord supports body - Nervous system develops from dorsal nerve cord. - Embryos have pharynx with gill slits - Embryos have tail that extends past anus |
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Describe the subphylum urochordata: |
Sea squirts - Live in water - Range from intertidal zones to the deep ocean - Most only a few millimeters long - Larva is free-swimming with firm flexible notochord - Adult is sessile and baggily with no coelom - Both stages are filter feeders - Pharynx serves in both feeding and respiration |
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Describe the subphylum cephapchordata: |
Lancelets - Fish-shaped filter feeders - Body tapered at both ends - Simple brain - Segmented muscles In adults: - Notochord lies under dorsal nerve cord - Pharynx has gill slits - Tail extends past anus
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Describe the subphylum vertebrata: |
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) - Cylindrical body - Sucker-like oral disk - Cartilaginous skeleton - No paired fins ONLY REMAINING GROUPS ARE THE HAGFISH AND LAMPREYS |
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class chordrichthyes: |
Skates, rays, sharks and chimaeras - Most are marine predators - Cartilaginous skeleton - Paired fins, 5-7 gill slits
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class osteichthyes: |
- Fish with bony skeletons - Paired fins |
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class amphibia: |
Frogs and toads, salamanders and caecillians - All require water at some stage in the life cycle - Limbs at 90 degree angle to body - Lungs are less efficient - Skin serves as respiratory organ |
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class reptilla: |
Turtles, tuataras, snakes, lizards and crocs - All are cold-blooded - Both sexes have a cloaca ( functions in excretion and reproduction) - Females are fertilized internally - Eggs are typically laid on land - Scaly skin - Amniote eggs |
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class aves: |
Birds - Can regulate internal body temperature - Retain scales on legs - Have a cloaca - Feathers |
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In the subphylum vertebrata describe the class mammalia: |
- Hair - Mammary glands - Distinctive teeth - Highly developed brain - Extended care for the young |
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What are the plant tissue systems? |
Ground- basic plant functions Dermal- protects and covers the plant Vascular- conducts water and other nutrients around the plant |
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Monocots- vascular bundles are scattered throughout (left)
Dicots- vascular bundles are arranged in a circle. (right) - The bundles are a division between the cortex and the pith |
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What is the cortex responsible for? |
The basic functions like photosynthesis, secretion, and storage.
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What is the pith responsible for? |
Storage |
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Stems are woody when _______ _________ are present and secondary growth accumulates. |
Lateral meristems |
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The two lateral meristems are |
Vascular cambium - Located between the wood and bark - Growth here produces secondary xylem and phloem - Wood; secondary xylem - Inner bark; secondary phloem Cork cambium - Located in outer bark - Cork cells and cork parenchyma |
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Two lateral meristems |
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Dicot root - Xylem is the big X - Phloem around the X |
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monocot root |
Arranged in a circle instead; monocots have a central pith. |
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Apical Meristem: |
- Cell division - Primary growth |
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Zone of elongation: |
- Cells elongate |
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Zone of Maturation: |
Undifferentiated cells specialize into specific plant tissues |
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Dicot leaf - You can tell this is a dicot leaf because of the palisade layer (layer of elongated cells at the top), which is absent in monocot leafs. |
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Monocot leaf - You can tell this is a monocot leaf because of the parallel arrangement of the vascular bundles. |
