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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cyclic AMP
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ringed molecule made from ATP; functions in intracellular communication and regulation of bacterial operons
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diacylglycerol
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2nd messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane
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hormone
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one of many types of cellular signals formed in specialized cells that travels with the body fluid and acts on target cells to change their function
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inositol phosphate
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2nd messenger that functions as an intermediate between nonsteroid hormones and the 3rd messenger, a rise in calcium concentration in the cytoplasm
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ligand
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molecule that binds to a specifc receptor site on another molecule
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local regulators
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chemical messengers that influence cells in their vicinity
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protein kinase
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enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to a protein
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protein phosphatase
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enzyme that removes phosphate from ATP to a protein, reverses effects of protein kinase
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reception
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target cell's detection of a signal outside the cell by binding to a receptor protein
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response
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change in cellular activity due brougha bout by a transduced signal from outside the cell
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scaffolding proteins
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large relay protein to which other relay proteins attach to effectively speed up signal transduction
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2nd messenger
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small, nonprotein, soluble molecules that relay a signal to a cell's interior in reponse to a signal received by a signal receptor protein
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transduction
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conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
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anchorage dependence
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requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
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aster
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radial array of microtubules that extend from each centromere towards the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis
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benign tumor
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mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin, can usually be removed by surgery
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binary fission
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form of cell division for prokaryotes. each daughter cell receives single parental chromosome
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cell cycle control system
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cyclically operating set of molecules that trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle
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cell division
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reproduction of cells, functions in cell repair and renewal
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cell plate
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double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell between which a new cell wall forms during cytokinesis
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centromere
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in condensed form in duplicated chromosome, centralized region linking 2 sister chromatids
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centrosome
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material in the cytoplasm that is important during cell division, organizing center for microtubules
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checkpoint
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critical control point in the cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell
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chromatin
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complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome, when cell is not dividing it exists as long thin fibers
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chromosomes
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gene-carrying structures found in the nucleus, long DNA molecule with its associated proteins
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cleavage
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process of cytokinesis in animal cells, charactized by the pinching of the plasma membrane.
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cleavage furrow
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1st sign of cleavage in an animal cell characterized by a shallow groove forming on the surface of the old metaphase plate
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cyclin
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regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically
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cyclin dependent kinase
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protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin
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cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis
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Density-independent inhibition
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phenomenon in animal cells where cell stops dividing when they come into contact with each other
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gametes
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haploid cell such as an egg or sperm, gametes come together during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote
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genome
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complete complement of an organism's gene, an organism's genetic material
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G0 phase
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nondividing state in which a cell has left the cycle
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G1 phase
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1st growth phase, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis
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G2 phase
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2nd growth phase, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis
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Growth factor
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protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for growth and development of different types of cells; local regulator that stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation
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interphase
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period in cell cycle when the cell is not dividing but metabolic activity is high and cell size increases. Accounts for 90% of the cell cycle
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Kinetochore
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specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitiotic spindle
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malignant tumor
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cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair organ function
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meiosis
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2 stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that yield cells with half the # of chromosomes as the original cell
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metaphase plate
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imaginary plane during metaphase in which centromeres meet midway between the 2 poles
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metastasis
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spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site
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mitotic phase
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phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
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mitotic spindle
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assembly of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
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origin of replication
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site where the replication of DNA molecule begins
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mitosis
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nuclear division in eukaryotic cell that consists of 5 stages. duplicated chromosomes are conserved by being equally divided to each daughter nuclei
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prophase
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1st step of mitosis, nucleus/nucleolus still intact, chromatin condenses, mitotic spindle begins to form
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prometaphase
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2nd step of mitosis, nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach at the kinetchores of the chromosomes, chromosomes of identical sister chromatids appear
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metaphase
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3rd step of mitosis, spindle completed, chromosomes attached to microtubules attached at their kinetchores align on the metaphase plate
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anaphase
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4th stage of mitosis, chromatids of each chromosome separated, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell
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telophase
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5th stage of mitosis, daughter nuclei form, beginning of cytokinesis
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