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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_________" vitamins are absorbed without the involvement in fat |
Water Soluble vitamins |
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Excess Intake are excreted in the _______ |
Urine |
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All water soluble vitamin functions as co-enzyme except _________ & __________ which must be metabolically converted to their active form. |
VItamin c & Biotin |
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What Vitamin function in the release of energy from fuel molecule ? |
Vitamin B1 (THIAMINE) |
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________ reacts with ATP to form TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate). |
Vitamin B1 |
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Vitamin B1 is converted to TPP by the enzyme called _________________. |
ThiaminePyrophosphoKinase1 (TPK1) |
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_________ serve as an important co-factor for PDHC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) |
Vitamin B1 |
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_________ serve as an important cofactor for OGDH (ALPHA KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE). |
Vit B1 In TCA cycle |
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__________ serves as important cofactor in BCKD (BRANCHED-CHAIN KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE) |
Vit B1 |
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PDHC OGDH BCKD Are Also Require Cofactor From B2, B3, LIPOIC ACID AND PANTHOTHENIC ACID. T/F |
True |
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_________ are co-enzymes required in Transketolase & Transaldolase reaction. |
Vitamin B1 |
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Thiamine defficiency is associated with elevated level of ____________ & _____________ |
Pyruvate & Lactate |
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____________ is the richest source of Vitamin B1 |
Brewer's yeast
OTHERS •Unpolished rice. •Whole grain (maize). •Potatoes. |
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Prolonge defficiency of vitamin B1 leads to __________ |
Wet Beri-Beri |
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Deficiency of vitamin B1 is common in people with ________, _________, ________&__________ |
Anorexia Diarrhoea Alcholies Post-operative patients |
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Oedema is a deffieciancy of what Vitamin? |
Vitamin B1 |
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Oedema is a deffieciancy of what Vitamin? |
Vitamin B1 |
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_____ vitamins are carrier co-enzyme that exist as FAD & FMN absorbed from small intestine. |
Vitamin B2 |
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Vitamin B2 function in variety of ___________ reaction. |
Redox Reaction Catalysed by Oxidase: Fatty Acid synthesis Reductases: TCA cycle Dehydrogenases: Amino Acid synthesis |
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___________ Vitamins are necessary for Aerobic Respiration & Tissue maintenance. |
Vitamin B2 |
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What is the other name for Vitamin B2 |
RIBOFLAVIN |
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The major Dietary source of Vitamin B2 is |
Milk Others •Liver •Kidney •Green leafy vegetable |
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Desquamation is a deficiency symptoms of what vitamins |
Vitamin B2 Others •Angular stomatis •Cheilosis •Inflammation of tongue •Hyperbilirubinemia in newborn ( treated by phototherapy) |
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______ vitamins are essential coenzyme in numerous CELLULAR REDOX REACTION. |
Vitamin B3 (niacin) |
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The Amide derivative of vitamin B3 ( niacin) is _______________ |
Nicotinamide |
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Nicotinamide are the precursor of the co-enzyme ________&__________ |
NAD+ & NADP+ |
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Excess B3 can cause _________ |
Liver Damage |
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Sufficient quantity of vitamin B3 can be synthsized Endogenously from ___________________. |
Tryptophan |
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Dietary source of Vitamin B3 are |
Meat Fish Nuts |
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Deficiency of ______________ is PELLAGRA. |
Vitamin B3 |
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The major symptoms of vitamin B3 are |
•Photosensitive Dermatitis skin •Impaired Digestion •Diarrhea •Mental confusion |
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______________ vitamins diffieciancy have not been observed. |
Vitamin B5 & vitamin H |
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Other name for Vitamin B5 is _________ |
Panthothenic Acid. |
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Panthothenate is a precursor of co-enzyme A, that participates in ______________ |
Acyl Transfer Reaction |
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______________ is the carrier for Acetyl group obtained from degradation of carbohydrate & lipids. |
Co-enzyme A |
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Coenzyme A also carries the Acetyl group and malonyl group used in F.A synthesis. T/f |
True |
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Dietary source of vitamin B5 are |
•Beef liver •Peanut •Soya beans •Wheat germ |
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The biological active form of vitamin B6 is ___________&____________ |
Pyridoxamine phosphate Pyridoxal phosphate Mostly involved in Amino Acid metabolism. |
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____________ vitamins functions in Transamination & oxidation reaction. |
Vitamin B6 |
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Some women uses vitamin B6 as |
Menstrual pain killer |
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Vit B6 are used in various transmitter such as _______, ________&_________. |
•Serotonin •Dopamine •Epinephrine |
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Convulsions in infant and peripheral Neuropathy is caused by the diffieciency of _____________ vitamins. |
Vitamin B6. |
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Inflammation of the mouth is caused by ___________ defficiency |
Vitamin B6 |
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Other name for Vitamin H is |
Biotin |
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Dieatary source of Vitamin H |
Peanut and Liver |
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__________ is a coenzyme for cellular carboxylation reaction |
Vitamin H (Biotin) |
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Vitamin H is used in carboxylation of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA in the preparation for Fatty Acid Synthesis. T/f |
True |
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Vitamin H are synthesised by _____________. |
Intestinal flora. |
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Raw eggs contain a protein called _________ |
Avidin |
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________ binds Biotin very tightly & prevent it's absorption. |
Avidin |
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Vitamin B9 is also called ________ |
Folic acid |
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Deficiency Syptom of vitamin B9 is |
Megaloblastic Aneamia Mycrocytic Aneamia Growth failure |
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Folic acid is also called __________which is converted to _____________ |
Folicin Tetrahydrofolate |
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TetraHydrofolate is the primary carrier of ____________. |
One carbon unit in the cell. |
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Position 7 & 8 carries hydrogen in ___________. |
Dihydrofolate (DHF) |
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Position __ & __ carries hydrogen in THF. |
Position 5 & 8 (The monoglutamic acid esterified to PABA end of the molecule ) |
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The function of THF derivative is to __________________ |
Carry and transfer various form of one carbon unit during biosynthetic reaction. ( The one carbon are either methyl, methylene, methenyl, formal/formine groups.) |
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The dietary form of folate is available _____________ |
5-methylTHF Commonly found in yeast & leafy vegetable and animal liver. |
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Folic acid is synthesizes by the ______________ |
Intestinal bacteria |
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Vitamin B12 is also called |
Cobalamin |
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The active form of vitamin B12 is |
•Methylcobalamin •Cyanocobalamin |
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Deficiency of vitamin B12 is |
Perniciuos Anemia Others •Change in intestinal mucosa •Neuropathy |
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____________ are required in catabolism of F.A with odd number |
Vit B12 |
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____________ are needed in the conversion of PROPIONYL COA to SUCCINYL COA in TCA cycle |
Vitamin B12 |
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________ are needed in the conversion of Homocyteine to Methionine. |
Vit B12 |
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Vitamin c is also called |
Ascorbic Acid |
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Active form of vitamin C is |
DihydroAscorbic Acid |
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_____________ is known as Anti- scurvy Agent. |
Vitamin C |
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Vitamin C participates in __________ reaction and promote intestinal absorption of iron. |
Hydroxylation reaction |
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___________ participates in •A.A metabolism •Synthesis of Norepiphrune •Synthesis of Collagen |
Vitamin C |
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Many of the deficiency symptoms appear to be the result of the defective __________ in the absence of VIT C |
Collagen synthesis |
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Drugs Known to increase urinary excretion of Ascorbate are: |
Aspirin Barbiturates Chronic Diarrhoea
|
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Fat soluble vitamins function participates in Diverse biochemical reaction such as: |
Vision, blood clothing e.t.c |
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FAT soluble vitamins are transported and absorbed by ____________. |
Chylomicrons complex. |
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Absorption of fat soluble Vitamins depends on _____________, ___________&_____________. |
•Bile salt •Pancreatic secretions •Healthy mucosa cells |
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Factors that may lead to fat soluble vitamins defficiency are via |
•Dietary source •Anorexia •Failure to absorb Vit from food. |
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The mal-absorptive state of Fat soluble vitamins include: |
•Biliary tract Disease •Pancreatic Disease •Alcohol liver Disease |
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There is increase in Vit need in infant during pregnancy & lactation when there is Tumor in the body. T/f |
True |
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The Adequacy of Vitamin depends on _______&_________ |
•The amount absorbed •Need of the body |
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Two groups of related compounds have vitamin A activity, mention them |
•Retinoid •Carotenoid |
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Retinoid comprises of ______, ________&________ |
Retinol, Retinal & Retinoic acid They are preformed vit A, found only in foods of animal origin. |
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Carotenoid is found only in _________ |
Plant |
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Carotenoids are cleaved in the intestinal mucosa by ____________ to yield retinal which is reduced to retinol |
Carotene dioxygenase |
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Retinol is stored in the liver as _______________. |
Lipid esters. |
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__________ is heat stable but sensitive to ultraviolet light (UV). |
Vitamin A |
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Vitamin A has two major functions; mention them |
1) Vision 2) Regulation of gene expression and tissue differentiation. |
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The role of vitamin A in vision was discovered in __________ by __________ |
1943 George Wald |
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Vision is based on the absorption of light by ___________ |
Photoreceptor cells. |
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Vertebrates have two kinds of photoreceptor cells called ________&__________ because of their distinctive shapes. |
Rods & Cones |
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__________ function in bright light and they are responsible for colour vision |
Cones |
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_________ function in dim light but they do not receive colour |
Rods |
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The photoreceptor molecules in Rods are called ___________. |
Rhodopsin |
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_______ are slender elongated structure densely packed with photoreceptors molecules. |
Rods |
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Rhodopsin is made up of light –sensitive ________ protein covalently linked to ______________ that serves as the prosthetic group in the retina. |
Opsin 11-cis –retinal (retinaldehyde) |
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The photoreceptor molecule present in the cones is called ____________. |
iodopsin Any one of the cones contains only one type of opsin and is sensitive to only one colour. |
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All _____________&___________ acid regulate growth, development and tissue differentiation. |
Transretinoic acid & 9-cis-retinoic |
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Retinoic acid binds to ___________ like other hormones and regulate the transcription of specific genes. |
Nuclear receptor |
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________________ is required for bone remodelling & Resistance to infectious diseases especially in children. |
Vitamin A |
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Lack of vit. A leads to dysfunction of epithelia cells, for example the skin becomes keratinized and scally and mucour secretion is suppressed. T/f |
True |
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Normal levels of vit.A are required for __________ production, females also require vit.A for normal reproductive cycles. |
Sperm production |
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__________ therapy has been shown to prevent noise damage to ear drum and sometimes improves inner ear deafness. |
Vitamin A |
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Tropical applications of retinoic acid are now used to treat skin disorders such as ______________. |
Psoriasis |
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The anti-carcinogenic role of vitamin A has been established in animals. Tumour responsiveness to vitamin A treatment has been attributed to the presence of ___________________ for retinoic acid within the tumour. |
Cytosol-binding protein receptor (CBPR) |
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The richest dietary sources of vitamin A is _________ known as cod liver oil. |
Fish oil |
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___________ is the richest source of carotenoids. |
Palm oil |
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Vitamin A is heat stable but very sensitive to ultra violet (UV) light. It is advisable to expose palm oil to sunlight; especially to melt it when it solidified. T/f |
False It is not advisable |
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Vit A is carried in the blood as _________________ |
vit A- Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) complex. in protein malnutrition this carrier protein will not be available. |
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___________ lowers plasma retinol level due to its effect on RBP synthesis. |
Zinc deficiency |
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In pregnancy, there is a measurable drop in plasma vit A by __ weeks after conception. It further decreases to half the pre-conception level after 12 weeks. |
6 weeks |
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Liver disease can also cause vit A deficiency because it participates in its ________________ |
Transportation and storage. |
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_____________ is the major effect of vitamin A deficiency. |
Preventable blindness |
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The earliest sign of vit A deficiency is a loss of sensitivity to ________, followed by impairment to adapt to dim light and night blindness. |
Green light |
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hypogeusia (loss of taste sensitivity) is related to what vitamin deficiency |
Vit A |
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______________ is involved in tissue differentiation including the immune system cells. |
Vitamin A |
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vitamin A must first bind to RBP, in the absence of RBP, the excess unbound vitamin A causes ___________. |
Tissue damage |
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________&________ are also affected due to the role of vitamin A in vitamin D metabolism. |
Liver & Bones |
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Since 1882, it has been known that rickets (muscle hypotonia and skeletal deformities) could be cured with ________ |
Cod liver oil |
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Scientists discovered that the active component of cod liver oil was __________ |
vitamin D. |
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Scientists discovered that the active component of cod liver oil was __________ |
vitamin D. |
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Vitamin D that exist naturally in fish oil is called ____________ |
Cholecalciferol or vitamin D3. |
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Vitamin D3 is modified in the liver to ______________________ |
25-hydroxylcholecalciferol or calcidiol |
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Vitamin D3 is modified to ______________ in the kidney. |
1,25dihydroxylcholecalciferol or calcitriol |
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The synthetic vitamin D commonly used in food fortification is called ________________ |
Calciferol or Vitamin D2. |
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__________ may not be regarded as vitamin because enough quantity is synthesized in the body under normal conditions. |
Vitamin D |
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Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from ultraviolet activation of ______________ to produce vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). |
7-dehydrocholesterol |
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Vitamin D can not be synthesized in the absence of sunlight, vitamin D supplement is used during winter in temperate egions. T/f |
True Women that cover all their body may also experience vitamin D deficiency. |
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____________ is the most abundant vitamin D in the plasma with normal concentration of about 30mg/ml. |
Calcidiol |
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The main function of Vitamin D is ______________________________ |
Regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis (it regulates the concentration of calcium in the plasma). |
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Vit D also facilitates phosphate absorption. These functions are performed in conjunction with parathyroid hormones and vitamin A. T/f |
True |
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___________ functions as Nuclear receptor hormone to regulate gene expression, cell proliferation and differentiation. |
Vitamin D
For this reason vitamin D has been speculated to reduce the risk of cancer, diabetes and obesity. |
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Osteoporosis is another bone disease associated with aging but can be treated with vitamin D supplement like osteomalacia. T/f |
False
It can not bee treated with vitamin D |
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Effects of excess vitamin D in the plasma include calcification of soft tissues such as liver and kidney, this is called __________. |
Calcinosis |
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Vitamin E is also known as ___________. There are four types based on the position of attachment of methyl groups (α,β, ϓ and δ). |
Tocopherol |
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The ______________ is the most potent Vitamin E. |
α-tocopherol |
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This vitamin was referred to as fertility vitamin when it was discovered, because it restored fertility in infertile rats but failed in human. T/f |
True |
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The major known function of vitamin E in man is its role as _____________________ especially in red blood cells. |
Fat soluble antioxidant Its antioxidant functions include chain breaking and free radical trapping in cell membrane. |
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Diet rich in poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deplete the body of vitamin E due to generation of ____________. |
Peroxide radicals |
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The common dietary sources of vitamin E are fats and oils with different tocopherol content. Soya, corn and palm oils are rich in vitamin E. T//f |
True |
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The only known symptom of vitamin E deficiency is ______________ |
Hemolytic anemia due to red blood cell membrane fragility. |
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_____________ is essential for a child born with fat malabsorption syndrome. |
Vitamin E |
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______________ is also known as blood clotting vitamin. |
Vitamin K |
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There are two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K ; mention them |
Phylloquinone : is the normal dietary form found in green vegetables, Menaquinone : it is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. |
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Infants absorbed sufficient vitamin K in the _________ where it is synthesized but adults absorbed vitamin K in the _____________ where there is no bacteria synthesis. |
Colon Upper small intestine |
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Gastrointestinal infection or diarrhea and antibiotic therapy without vitamin K supplement can cause ________________ in infants. |
Hemorrhage |
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____________ plays an important role in the ϒ- carboxylation of glutamate residues in amino terminal region of prothrombin. |
Vitamin K The reaction is catalyzed by vitamin K carboxylase |
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Presence of vitamin K antagonist can also create a condition similar to vitamin K deficiency. Examples of such compounds include ____________&________________ |
Dicoumarol (found in sweet clover) & Warfarin (a natural anti-coagulant). |
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_____________ , a derivative of coumarol is used clinically to prevent thrombosis in patients that are prone to clot formation in the artery. |
Coumarin |