Biochemistry Midterms

Front 1

Chemistry

Back 1

thestudy of the composition, properties, and interactions of matter

Front 2

Elements

Back 2

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Front 3

Compound

Back 3

any combination of two or more DIFFERENT elements in fixed ratio

Front 4

Molecule

Back 4

2 or more atoms fixed together (can be same element)

Front 5

Atoms

Back 5

the smallest unit of an element

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

the core/center of the atom, made of Protons and Neutrons

Front 7

Protons

Back 7

positive charge

Front 8

Neutrons

Back 8

neutral charge

Front 9

Electrons

Back 9

negative charge and surround the nucleus

Front 10

Atomic Number

Back 10

the number of protons that all atoms of this element have

Front 11

Atomic Mass

Back 11

Protons + Neutrons

Front 12

Valence Shell

Back 12

the outermost electron level of an atom

Front 13

Electron Shells

Level 1

Back 13

holds 2 max

Front 14

Electron Shells

Level 2 and Level 3

Back 14

holds 8 max and each level

Front 15

Bohr Model

Back 15

actually shows all electrons rings and electron

Front 16

Lewis Dot

Back 16

just shows the atomic symbol and the valence electrons

Front 17

Isotopes

Back 17

forms of an atom of the same element with different number of neutrons

Front 18

Cation

Back 18

positively charged atom (less electrons)

Front 19

Anion

Back 19

Negatively charged atom (more electrons)

Front 20

Chemical Bonds

Back 20

ionic bonds, covalent bonds (strongest), hydrogen bonds (weakest)

Front 21

Covalent Bonds

Back 21

atoms share electrons
very strong

Front 22

Double Bond

Back 22

when 2 electrons are shared

Front 23

Triple Bond

Back 23

when 3 electrons are shared

Front 24

Polar Molecule

Back 24

a covalently bonded molecule unequally shares its electrons and has a "negative" and "positive" end

Front 25

Hydrogen Bond

Back 25

Partial (+) attracted to Partial (-)

weak

Front 26

Ionic Bond

Back 26

(+) atoms attracted to (-) atoms
less strong

Front 27

Cohesion/Adhesion

Back 27

hydrogen bond help water molecules stick together (cohesion)
it also allows water to stick to many other substances (adhesion)
responsible for surface tension and capillary action

Front 28

Ice is Less Dense than Water

Back 28

when water freezes, it expands into a lattice tht makes it less dense than water, causing ice to float
ice floating allows only the top of water bodies to freeze, thus not killing all life

Front 29

Water is the Universal Solvent

Back 29

this allows living things (who are mostly made of water), to dissolve the variety of compounds they need for life
example - cells, blood, tree sap, salts, etc

Front 30

Solution

Back 30

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Front 31

Solvent

Back 31

dissolving agent

Front 32

Slute

Back 32

what is dissolved

Front 33

Aqueous Solution

Back 33

a solution where water is the solvent

Front 34

Macromolecules and Energy

Back 34

energy is stored in covalent bonds

when bonds are formed, energy us stored (photosynthesis = plants make sugar)

when bonds are broken, energy is released (respiration = animals metabolize sugar)

Front 35

Monomer

Back 35

a small organic molecule

Front 36

polymer

Back 36

a larger/long chain (organic molecule) of connected monomers

Front 37

Dehydrated (Condensation)

Back 37

assembles monomers into polymers (by removing H2O)

Front 38

Hydrolysis

Back 38

disassembles polymers into monomers (H2O is added)

Front 39

2 monomers = dehydration = 1 polymer

Back 39

this stores energy

Front 40

1 polymer = hydrolysis = 2 monomers

Back 40

this releases energy

Front 41

Carbohydrates

Back 41

function: fuel for the body
simple carbs = short term energy (sugars)
complex carbs = long term energy (starches)

Front 42

Carbohydrate Monomer

Back 42

monosaccharide (simple)

Front 43

Carbohydrate Polymer

Back 43

polysaccharide (complex)

Front 44

Carbohydrate Function

Back 44

energy, growth

Front 45

Carbohydrate Examples

Back 45

glucose, sucrose, starch

food: anything with starch/sugar (rice, pasta, fruit)

Front 46

Carbohydrate Atoms

Back 46

C, H, O

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Front 47

Lipids

Back 47

long-term energy-storage molecules

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

Front 48

Lipid Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 48

contains the maximum number of hydrogens

no double bonds

Front 49

Lipid Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 49

contains fewer than the maximum possible hydrogen double bonds

Front 50

Lipid Monomer

Back 50

fatty acids and gycerol

Front 51

Lipid Polymer

Back 51

triglyceride

Front 52

Lipid Function

Back 52

long-term energy storage and structure

Front 53

Lipid Examples

Back 53

steroids, membrane of cells, waxes

food: oils, butter

Front 54

Lipid Atoms

Back 54

C, H, O

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

just like carbohydrates but less oxygen

Front 55

Protein Monomer

Back 55

amino acids

Front 56

Proteins Polymer

Back 56

polypeptide

Front 57

Proteins Function

Back 57

building our cells and structure, controlling enzymes and reactions

Front 58

Proteins Example

Back 58

hair, hemoglobin, ligament, enzymes
food: meat, soy, milk

Front 59

Proteins Atoms

Back 59

C, H, O, N

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Front 60

Protein (amino acid) Structure

Back 60

amino = nitrogen

"R-group" = chemical group

N-C-C backbone

Front 61

Nucleic Acids

Back 61

information-rcih polymers of nucleotides (they hold introductions to build proteins)

2 types = DNA and RNA

Front 62

Nucleic Acid Monomer

Back 62

nucleotide

Front 63

Nucleic Acid Polymer

Back 63

nucleic acid (polynucleotide)

Front 64

Nucleic Acid Function

Back 64

instructions/codes for genetic information

instructions for building proteins

Front 65

Nucleic Acid Examples

Back 65

DNA and RNA

Front 66

Nucleic Acid Atoms

Back 66

C, H, O, N, P

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Front 67

Nucleic Acid Shapes

Back 67

circle = phosphate group (P)

pentagon= sugar

rectangle = base