Biochemistry Lipids (Brs)

Front 1

Lipids are: Insoluble/Soluble?

Back 1

Insoluble

Front 2

List the membrane lipids.

Back 2

Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

Front 3

Triacylglycerol is synthesized mainly in the:

Back 3

Liver

Front 4

Triacylglycerol is transported in the blood as______ & stored in ______ ?

Back 4

lipoproteins
Adipose tissue

Front 5

Chylomicrons are produced in?

Back 5

Intestinal cells (from dietary lipids)

Front 6

VLDL is produced in?

Back 6

The Liver (from dietary carbohydrates)

Front 7

The triacylglycerols of Chylomicrons & VLDL are hydolyzed in blood by ____ into _____ & _______?

Back 7

Lipoprotein Lipase
to fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 8

The key regulatory enzyme of cholesterol is_____?

Back 8

HMG CoA reductase

Front 9

Where is cholesterol converted into bile salts, which forms steroid hormones in endocrine tissues.

Back 9

Liver

Front 10

Eicosanoids & are derived from?

Back 10

Prostaglandin, thromboxanes, & leukotrienes.
derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Front 11

Spingolipids contain

Back 11

ceremide w/a variety of groups attached.

Front 12

Sphingomyelin contains

Back 12

phosphocholine

Front 13

cerebrosides contain

Back 13

a sugar residue

Front 14

gangliosides contain

Back 14

many suger residues

Front 15

Cholesterol consists of

Back 15

4 rings and an aliphatic side chain.

Front 16

Bile salts and steroid hormones are derived from?

Back 16

cholesterol

Front 17

Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes are derived from____ such as _____.

Back 17

polyunsaturated fatty acids
such as arachidonic acid

Front 18

fat soluble vitamins:

Back 18

A, D, E, & K.

Front 19

The major membrane lipid is:______ but ____ & ______ are also present.

Back 19

Phosphoglycerides
sphingolipids & Cholesterol

Front 20

Carbohydrates are attached to proteins & Lipids on the ___ side of the cell mem. (extending into the_____?)

Back 20

Are attaced to the exterior side of the cell mem.
Extend into the extracellular space.

Front 21

Dietary triaclyglycerols are digested where?

Back 21

Are digested in the small intestine.

Front 22

dietary lipids are emulsified by:

Back 22

are emulsified by bile salts

Front 23

Mem's are composed mainly of:

Back 23

lipids & proteins

Front 24

What digests triacylglycerol (w/help from colipase) to 2-monoacylglycerols & free fatty acids?

Back 24

pancreatic lipase

Front 25

The product released by fatty acid synthase complex?

Back 25

Palmitate

Front 26

Acetyl CoA (from glucose) is converted by acetyl CoA carboxylase to ______?

Back 26

Malonyl CoA

Front 27

Acetyl CoA carboxylase is inhibited by:

Back 27

Phosphorylation

Front 28

Malonyl CoA formation requires

Back 28

biotin & ATP

Front 29

Acetyl CoA is activated by:

Back 29

dephosphorylation, citrate, & induced by insulin.

Front 30

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by:

Back 30

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 31

Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by:

Back 31

pyruvate carboxylase

Front 32

The glycerol moiety, from glycerol 3 phosphate, reacts w/2 fatty acyl CoA to form:

Back 32

Phosphatidic acid-in the liver & adipose tissue.

Front 33

Adipose tissue which lacks ______ cannot generate glycerol 3 phosphate from glycerol.

Back 33

lacks glycerol kinase

Front 34

Liver & adipose tissue could convert glucose to __________ through glycolysis.

Back 34

dihyroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Front 35

Triacylglycerol is stored in________?

Back 35

stored in adipose tissue

Front 36

In the liver, triacylglycerol is incorporated into_______?

Back 36

VLDL

Front 37

Malonyl CoA, the product of acetyl CoA carboxylase, inhibits____________?

Back 37

Carnitine acyltransferase 1

Front 38

Fatty acid cofactors:

Back 38

NADPH, ATP, Mn+2, biotin, HCO3, Acetyl-CoA

Front 39

A cholesterol precursor can be converted to ______.

Back 39

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(active form of vit D.)

Front 40

Bile salts are stored in the ______and released during a meal to aid in ______ ______.

Back 40

gall bladder
lipid digestion

Front 41

HMG CoA reductase reduces cytosolic acetyl CoA to ________.

Back 41

mevalonic acid

Front 42

Bile salts are activated by ___ ____________.

Back 42

ATP and Coenzyme A

Front 43

Chylomicrons are the _____ dense b/c they have the most triacylglycerol and least amount proteins.

Back 43

least dense

Front 44

IDL (derived from VLDL)is ______ dense then VLDL and has less than ________the amount of triacylglycerides.

Back 44

more dense then VLDL
less than one-half

Front 45

LDL has the highest content of _______ ___ _______.

Back 45

cholesterol and it's esters.

Front 46

HDL is the most dense and has the ______ ___ and the ______ ______.

Back 46

has the lowest triacylglycerol and the highest protein content.

Front 47

Chylomicron's major apoprotein:

Back 47

Apo B-48

Front 48

Apo C-II activates

Back 48

lipoprotein lipase

Front 49

HDL nascent chylomicrons

Back 49

apo E

Front 50

VLDL is formed from triacyglycerols and packaged w/apo____?

Back 50

packaged with apo B-100

Front 51

HDL shape:

Back 51

disk shape

Front 52

The major protein of HDL:

Back 52

the major protein of HDL is apo A

Front 53

During fasting, Insulin

Back 53

insulin↓ during fasting

Front 54

During fasting, Glucagon

Back 54

glucagon ↑ during fasting.

Front 55

Fatty acids are transported in the blood complexed with______ ?

Back 55

F.A's travel with albumin in the blood.

Front 56

F.A's are converted to _______ _______, and glycerol is converted to glucose. (In the LIVER)

Back 56

______ are converted to Ketone Bodies in the _____?

Front 57

During fasting glucagon levels ↑, stimulating_______?

Back 57

↑in glucagon stimulates lipolysis.

Front 58

F.A's are oxidized by:

Back 58

Beta oxidation

Front 59

Fatty acyl CoA (activated long chain of F.A's) are transported into mitochondria by:

Back 59

transported by the Carnitine Carrier System

Front 60

Glycerol is used by the liver as a source of carbons for ______ which produces _____ for the_____ &_______.

Back 60

source of carbons for GLUCOGENSIS:produces GLUCOSE for the BRAIN & RBCs.

Front 61

Long chain fatty acids are activated by___ & ______ forming__________.

Back 61

ATP
COENZYME A
FATTY ACYL CoA

Front 62

Short fatty acid chains are activated in the_______?

Back 62

activated in the MITOCHONDRIA.

Front 63

What is generated from the products of Beta oxidation?

Back 63

Energy is generated from B oxidation

Front 64

Acetoacetate & B hydroxybutyrate are synthesized mainly in the?

Back 64

liver mitochondria whenever F.A levels are high in the blood.

Front 65

Fatty acids generate ATP when they are _________ & converted to acetyl CoA

Back 65

when F.As are activated

Front 66

Acetyl CoA reacts w/acetoacetyl CoA to form _____ which is cleaved to form _______________?

Back 66

HMG CoA
Acetoacetate

Front 67

Acetoacetate can be reduced to a 2nd ketone body (______)by NADH.

Back 67

to form 3 hydroxybutyrate (B hydroxybutyate)