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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a kcal?
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Kilocalorie, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C
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What is the difference between 1 Calorie and 1 calorie?
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1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kcal = 1000 cal
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What is a calorie?
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The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C
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What are the calories on nutrition labels?
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kcal or Cal
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What does ATP do in regard to Adenosine Phosphates?
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ATP delivers phosphates to genes and enzymes.
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What is adenosine made up of?
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Adenine + Ribose
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Put in order of how the following break down:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
1) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 3) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) |
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What are the 3 macronutrients?
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Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
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1) What are proteins?
2) What do they contain? 3) What are the 4 types of proteins? 4) How many kcal/g? |
1) Polymers of amino acids (AA)
2) Contains C, H, O, N 3)Enzymes, peptide hormones, transport proteins, structional proteins 4) 4 kcal/g |
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1) What do carbohydrates do?
2) Name 3 types and give an example. 3) What do they contain? 4) How many kcal/g? |
1) Major source of fuel for the body (especially the brain)
2) sugars, starches, fiber, e.g. glycogen 3) C, H, O 4) 4 kcal/g |
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1) What are the 4 types of lipids?
2) What do they contain? 3) Are they polar or nonpolar? 4) How many kcal/g |
1) (fats and oils) fatty acids, triglycerides, steroid and sterols, and phospholipids
2) C, H, O 3) More nonpolar than the other macronutrients 4) 9 kcal/g |
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How many kcal/g is alcohol?
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7 kcal/g
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How many major minerals do we need per day?
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More than 100 mg/day
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What is unique about calcium absorption?
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Requires 1 hour in an acidic environment to be absorbed.
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How many trace minerals do we need per day?
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Less than 100 mg/day
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How many ultratrace minerals do we need per day?
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Less than 1 mg/day
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What is the most abundant substance in living systems?
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Water
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How much of the human body consists of water?
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Approximately 60%
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Is water non-polar, polar, or dipolar?
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Polar and Dipolar
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What are the 4 main functions of water?
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1) Solvent: for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, & other molecles
2) Regulates body temperature: through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation 3) Transport: of nutrients and waste 4) Reactant or product: in reactions |
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What two attributes of water are related to hydrogen bonding?
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1) High specific hear = 1.0 cal/g C
• lots of energy needed to change the temperature • Cells resist freezing and will not boil 2) Amphoteric - water can act as an acid or a base in reactions |
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True or False?
Water has a slight tendency to ionize? |
True!
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Identify the following as neutral, acidic, or basic:
1) pH < 7 2) pH = 7 3) pH > 7 |
1) Acidic
2) neutral 3) Basic |
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What is our Physiologic pH and how is it determined?
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Physiologic pH = 7.4
• Its the average pH of blood * Note: If our Physiologic pH is 7 or lower we can die |
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Increase [H+] = ? pH
Decrease [H+] = ? pH |
Increase [H+] = Decrease pH
Decrease [H+] = Increase pH |
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What is a buffer?
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• Anything that can reversibly bind protons (H+)
• A chemical solution designed to resist a change in pH despite the addition of acids or bases |
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What is the most abundant substance in living systems?
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Water
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How much of the human body consists of water?
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Approximately 60%
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Is water non-polar, polar, or dipolar?
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Polar and Dipolar
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What are the 4 main functions of water?
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1) Solvent: for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, & other molecles
2) Regulates body temperature: through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation 3) Transport: of nutrients and waste 4) Reactant or product: in reactions |
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What two attributes of water are related to hydrogen bonding?
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1) High specific heat = 1.0 cal/g C
• lots of energy needed to change the temperature • Cells resist freezing and will not boil 2) Amphoteric - water can act as an acid or a base in reactions |
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True or False?
Water has a slight tendency to ionize? |
True!
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Identify the following as neutral, acidic, or basic:
1) pH < 7 2) pH = 7 3) pH > 7 |
1) Acidic
2) neutral 3) Basic |
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What is our Physiologic pH and how is it determined?
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Physiologic pH = 7.4
• Its the average pH of blood * Note: If our Physiologic pH is 7 or lower we can die |
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Increase [H+] = ? pH
Decrease [H+] = ? pH |
Increase [H+] = Decrease pH
Decrease [H+] = Increase pH |
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What is a buffer?
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• Anything that can reversibly bind protons (H+)
• A chemical solution designed to resist a change in pH despite the addition of acids or bases |
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Chemically, what is a buffer?
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A weak acid and its conjugate base
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HA <-> H+ (increases) + A- (decreases), pH ?
HA <->H+ (decreases) +A- (increases), pH ? |
HA <-> H+ (increase) + A-, pH decreases
HA <->H+ (decreases) +A- (increases), pH increases |
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What important role do buffers play in our body and through which systems do they accomplish this?
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• They keep the pH of extracellular fluid between 7.35 - 7.45.
• Proteins, respiratory and renal systems |
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Which regulator kicks in first, second, and third?
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1) Protein
2) Respiratory 3) Renal |
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Which buffer in the body has the most potent buffering capacity and what is special about it?
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Proteins
• highly concentrated in whole blood • Hemoglobin is the most important (histadine, AA) • Can donate or accept H+ |
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1) Are proteins amphoteric?
2) What two groups dissociate on the protein molecule and how? |
1) Yes, amphoteric
2) Amino group - donates H+ Carboxyl group - accepts H+ |
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When using protein as a buffer, how does 1) an acid and 2) a base maintain the pH?
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1) Acid: The H on the weak acid (HA) will attach to the O on the protein and the A is left by itself
2) Base: The H attached to the end N will detach from the protein and attach to the base (A) to make HA |
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1) What two groups are formed in the reaction during Respiratory and Renal pH regulation?
2) What is this system called? |
1) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid
2) Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system |
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What is formed during metabolism?
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CO2 + H2O
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What is respiratory acidosis?
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• Causes pH to decrease
• Increase in CO2 > makes more H2CO3 > H+ increases = pH decreases CO2 (increases) + H2O <-> H2CO3 (increases) <-> H+ (increases) + HCO3- |
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What causes Acidosis?
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• Anything that does not allow the lungs to exhale completely!
• exercise, hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, emphysema, sleep apnea, morbid obesity, overfeeding of carbohydrates |
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How does the respiratory center of the brain act as a buffer to control pH?
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As H+ increases the respiratory center in the brain (brain stem) increases the breathing rate to expel CO2.
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What is alkalosis?
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• pH increases
• CO2 decreases > H2CO2 decreases > H+ decreases = pH increases C02 (decreases) + H2O <-> H2CO3 (decreases) <-> H+ (decreases) + HCO3- |
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What causes alkalosis?
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• Anything that does not allow the lungs to inhale completely
• Hyperventilation • Asthma • Anxiety • High altitude |
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How does the respiratory center of the brain act as a buffer to control pH?
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The decrease in H+ causes the respiratory center in the brain (brain stem) to decrease breathing rate to retain CO2
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1) Are respiratory buffers slow or fast and 2) is it good for short or long term control?
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1) Fast! Only take seconds to minutes to restore the pH to normal
2) short term control |
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Are renal buffers slow or fast and 2) are they good for short or long term control?
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1) Slow! Take hours to days to restore pH to normal
2) Long term control |
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What produces bicarbonate (HCO3)?
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The pancreas
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1) What is pancreatitis?
2) What causes it? 3) What is the effect? 4) What is the treatment? |
1) An inflammation of the pancreas
2) Excessive alcohol use, gallstones, and viruses 3) Limits the release of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate 4) Treat with antacid and enzyme supplements |
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1) What is the plasma membrane?
2) What does it do? 3) Why is it important? |
1) Surrounds the cell
2) Provides protection, while still allowing sufficient exposure to environment for nourishment and waste removal 3) Cell-to-cell signaling |
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1) What forms the bi-layer of the plasma membrane?
2) What are its two parts? |
1) Phospholipids
2) Polar head (hydrophyllic), and tail (hydrophobic) |
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1) What is the cytoplasm?
2) What structures allow it to perform its function? Give 2 examples |
1) a.k.a. cytosol, is important for signaling between cells
2) Microtubules and microfilaments • Protein structures that forma supportive cross-linked lattice • The lattice supports extracellular extensions, e.g. microvilli on small intestine wall |
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What are the metabolic pathways found in the cytoplasm used for?
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• Glycolysis
• Pentose phosphate pathway • Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen synthesis and degradation) • Fatty acid synthesis |
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What does the nucleus contain?
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DNA
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1) What are mitochondria?
2) What happens in the mitochondria? |
1) The powerhouse of the cell
2) • Oxygen is used in the cell • most of the metabolic energy (ATP) is produced through the electron transport chain • Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) and beta-oxidation of fatty acids |
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1) Which cells don't contain mitochondria?
2) Since they don't have mitochondria, what do they depend on? |
1) erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2) Anaerobic fermentation of glucose through glycolysis and lactic acid production |
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Describe the appearance and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
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• Granular b/c its studded with ribosomes
• Primary function - protein synthesis |
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What is the primary site of protein synthesis and what is it composed of?
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• Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
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1) Proteins synthesized in the Rough ER are incorporated into what?
2) Where do proteins from free-standing ribosomes remain? |
1) organelle membrane
2) cytoplasm |
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What is the Smooth ER responsible for?
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• lipid and steroid hormone
• Cytochrome P450 (complex of enzymes), responsible for drug and hormone metabolism |
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What is the Golgi Complex responsible for?
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• sorting newly synthesized proteins
• Cis side: accepts new proteins • Trans side: sort proteins and compounds to make proteins specific (carbs, lipids, sulfates, phosphates, etc) |
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What are lysosomes and what do they do?
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• the cells' digestive system (proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, phospholipids)
• digest old or injured organelles |
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1) What do peroxisomes contain?
2) What do they produce? |
1) Oxidative Enzymes and catalase
2) Produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |