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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Essential amino acids
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Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine
"Any Help In Learning These Little Mothers Proves Truly Valuable" |
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Biological Value = (N retained/N taken-in) * 100
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Protein quality
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Condition in which no protein in body, belly inflates bc of edema
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Kwashiokor
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Condition in which no protein & energy
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Marasmus
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Where does protein digestion occur?
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stomach, pancreas, small intestine (mucosal cells)
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2 types of Peptidases
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1. Endopeptidase-cleaves peptide bond in middle
2. Exopeptidase-cleaves protein at end |
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2 types of exopeptidase
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1. Aminopeptidase-cleave at NH2 terminus
2. Carboxypeptidase-cleave at COOH terminus |
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How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin in the stomach?
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HCl
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How is tyrpsinogen converted to trypsin?
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Intestinal mucosa cells release enteropeptidase
+ feedback converts more tyrpsinogen Trypsin activates more pancreatic enzymes |
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Intestinal mucosal cells release what 2 enzymes?
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1. Aminopeptidase-cleaves free aa from N-terminus
2. Dipeptidase-cuts dipeptide to release 2 free aa |
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Is uptake by cells energy dependent?
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Yes, coupled with Na+ gradient (ATP)
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What are the 2 systems for protein metabolism?
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1. Lysosomal pathway
2. Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway |
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Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway?
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-ATP dependent
-Ubiquitin attaches to proteins, now marked for destruction -Then proteasomes degrade ubiquitin-targeted proteins |
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How do we get alanine from transamination?
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Pyruvate
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How do we get Glutamate from transamination?
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alpha-ketoglutarate
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How do we get aspartate from transamination?
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OAA
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Amino Acid transfer enzymes
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1. Aminotransferase
2. Glutamate Dehydrogenase 3. Amino Acid Oxidases |
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Amino group excretion enzymes
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1. Glutamine synthetase
2. Glutaminase 3. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS1) |
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If BUN high
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Kidney not excreting urea properly
Urea cycle functioning fine |
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If BUN low
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Liver damage, pregnancy
Problem with urea cycle |
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What are the urea cycle's connections to the TCA?
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Fumarate (byproduct)
Aspartate (substrate) |
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Ammonia toxicity
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Hyperammonemia
Neurotransmitter deprivation (glutamate) E deprivation in brain |
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Genetic defects of all enzymes of urea cycle
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Hereditary hyperammonemia
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Carbamoyl-P synthetase 1 deficiency
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Hyperammonemia I
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Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
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Hyperammonemia II
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