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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the laws of life?
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Life is complex and dynamic
Life is organized and self sustaining Life is cellular Life is information based Life adapts and evolves |
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What is Biochemistry?
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The study of the chemical reactions of life
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Living organisms are classified into what 3 domains?
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Prokaryotes, Achaea, and Eukaryotes
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What are the differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells?
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Eukaryotes- Membrane orgenelles
Prokaryones- Cell wall |
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Archea live in what kind of environment?
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Challenging habitats (extremophiles)
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What is the valence of C?
Na? N? O? |
C = 4
Na = 1 N = 5 O = 6 |
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What are the important functional groups group names?
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Hydroxyl
Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Amido Thiol Ester Double bond |
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What is the group name for the alcohol family?
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Hydroxyl
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What is the group name for the ester family?
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Ester
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What is the group name for the Amine family?
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Amino
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What is the group name for the Alkene family?
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Double Bond
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What is the group name for the Acid family?
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Carboxyl
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What is the group name for the Aldehyde family?
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Carbonyl
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What is the group name for the Ketone family?
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Carbonyl
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What is the group name for the Amide Family?
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Amido
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What is the group name for the Thiol family?
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Thiol
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Amino Acids
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Proteins
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Sugars
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Carbohydrates
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Fatty Acids
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotides
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DNA; RNA
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Alpha Amino Acids contain
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Carboxyl groups, Amino groups, Alpha carbons, and R-side chain
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What is an Alpha carbon?
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The carbon connected to the function group, Beta after
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Nucleotide units consist of
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5 -carbon sugar: ribose or deoxyribose,
Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base: purine or pyrimidine |
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Functions of metabolism
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Acquisition and utilization of energy
Synthesis of molecules need for cell structure and functioning Growth and development Removal of waste products |
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Nucleophile
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(nucleus lover) is negatively charged or neutral, has extra electrons
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Electrophile
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(electron lover) is deficient in electrons and is easily attracted by a neucloephile
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Hydrolysis
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nucleophilic substitution in which oxygen is a nucleophile
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Elimination reaction
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Atoms are removed from a molecule and a double bond is formed
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Dehydration
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elimination reaction in which H20 is removed and a double-bonded molecule is formed
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Addition reaction
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opposite of elimination: a double bond is removed by the addition of atoms
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Isomerization
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intramolecular shift of atoms or groups
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Redox Reaction
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Oil Rig
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Oxidizing Agent
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causes another molecule to be oxidized (and is itself reduced)
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Reducing Agent
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causes another molecule to be reduced (and is itself oxidized)
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Covalent Bond
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two atoms share a pair of electrons
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Ionic Bond
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attraction between positive and negative ions
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O=C=O
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Linear
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H20, CH4
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Tetrahedral
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BH3
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Triangular Planar
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Isomers
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the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
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Cu+2 + 2e- --> Cu
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Reduction
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Fe --> Fe+2 + 2e-
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Oxidation
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Fe+3 + e- --> Fe+2
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Reduction
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H2 --> 2H+ + 2e-
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Oxidation
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2O-2 --> O2 + 4e-
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Oxidation
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Cl2 + 2e- ---> 2Cl-
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Reduction
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The following reaction is an example of ____________.
CH3CH2OH -------> CH3CHO- + H2O |
Oxidation/Reduction
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The following molecule is an example of which class of compounds?
CH3CH2CH2COOH |
Carboxylic acid
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The largest molecules in living organisms are:
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Nucleic acids
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Which of the following is not a component of a nucleic acid?
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Lipids
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Prokaryotic cells lack which of the following?
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Nucleus
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Which of the following organelles is involved in aerobic respiration?
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Mitochondria
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Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane?
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Protein synthesis
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The basic structure of a biological membrane is provided by what class of compounds?
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Lipids
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Which of the following is the principal function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Lipid synthesis
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Which of the following is not true of eukaryotic ribosomes?
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They are attached to the smooth ER
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Heterocyclic compounds are:
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Aromatic hydrocarbons where at least one atom is not carbon
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How are the following compounds related?
CH3CH2OH & CH3OCH3 |
They are Isomers
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On oxidation, aldehydes form _________ but ketones resist oxidation.
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carboxylic acids
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What is the valence of Na?
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+1
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Which of the following describes the structure of propane?
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Alkane with 3 carbons
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Oxidation and reduction can occur in three ways:
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Electron transfer
Hydrogen transfer Oxygen transfer |
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In a chemical reaction in which a molecule donates an electron
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the molecule is called the reducing agent.
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The molecule that accepts the electron
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the oxidizing agent
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primary amines
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R-NH2
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secondary amines
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R2NH
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tertiary amines
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R3N
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Characteristics of Amines
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Intermediate boiling points; molecules may hydrogen bond, but weakly
May act as weak base Accept protons, H+ |
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Peptide Bonds
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Two amino acids may join with the elimination of water from amino and carboxyl groups.
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Plasma membrane
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatusLysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Plasmids Cytoskeleton |
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Prokaryotic Cell Structure
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Cell wall
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Circular nucleic material Pili and flagella |
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CH4
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Methane
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CH3CH3
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Ethane
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3 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Propane
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4 Carbon Hydrocabon
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Butane
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5 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Pentane
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6 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Hexane
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7 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Heptane
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8 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Octane
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9 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Nonane
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10 Carbon Hydrocarbon
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Decane
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