Biochemistry - Ch 08 - Carbohydrates (Vocab)

Front 1

Define:

Aldose

Back 1

A sugar produced by reduction of an aldose or ketose to a polyhydroxy alcohol

Front 2

Define:

Aldonic acid

Back 2

A sugar produced by oxidation of an aldose aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid group.

Front 3

Define:

Aldose

Back 3

A sugar whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde.

Front 4

Define:

α anomer

Back 4

Sugars that differ only in the configuration around the anomeric carbon.

In the α anomer, the OH substituent of the anomeric carbon is on the opposite side of the ring from the CH₂OH group at the chiral center that designates the D or L configuration. In the β anomer, the OH substituent is on the same side.

Front 5

Define:

α-glycoside

Back 5

A molecule containing a saccharide and another molecule linked by a glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon in a α configuation (α-glycoside) or β configuration (β-glycoside)

Front 6

Define:

Amino Sugar

Back 6

A sugar in which one or more OH groups are replaced by an amino group, which is often acetylated.

Front 7

Define:

Anomeric Carbon

Back 7

The carbonyl carbon of a monosaccharide, which becomes a chiral center when the sugar cyclizes to a hemiacetal or a hemiketal.

Front 8

Define:

β-glycoside

Back 8

A molecule containing a saccharide and another molecule linked by a glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon in a α configuation (α-glycoside) or β configuration (β-glycoside)

Front 9

Define:

Carbohydrate

Back 9

A compound with the formula (C - H₂O)_n where n>=3.

Also called a saccharide.

Front 10

Define:

Deoxy sugar

Back 10

A saccharide produced by replacement of an OH group by H

Front 11

Define:

Disaccharide

Back 11

A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.

Front 12

Define:

Epimer

Back 12

Sugars that differ only by the configuration at one C atom (excluding the anomeric carbon)

Front 13

Define:

Furanose

Back 13

A sugar with a five-member ring.

Front 14

Define:

Glycogen

Back 14

An α(1 → 6) branched polymer of α(1 → 4)-linked glucose residues that serves as a glucose storage molecule in animals.

Front 15

Define:

Glycolipid

Back 15

A lipid to which a carbohydrate is covalently attached

Front 16

Define:

Glycoprotein

Back 16

A protein to which a carbohydrate is covalently attached.

Front 17

Define:

Glycan

Back 17

A polemeric carbohydrate containing multiple monosaccharide residues.

Also called a polysaccharide.

Front 18

Define:

Glycosaminoglycan

Back 18

An unbranched polysaccharide consisting of alternating residues of uronic acid and hexosamine.

Front 19

Define:

Glycosidic bond

Back 19

The covalent linkage (acetal or ketal) between the anomeric carbon of a saccharide and an alcohol (O-glycosidic bond) or an amine (N-glycosidic bond). Glycosidic bonds link the monosaccharide residues of a polysaccharide.

Front 20

Define:

Glycosylation

Back 20

The attachment of carbohydrate chains to a protein through N- or O-glycosidic linkages.

Front 21

Define:

Hemiacetal

Back 21

The product of the reaction between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of an aldehyde.

Front 22

Define:

Hemiketal

Back 22

The product of the reaction between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of a ketone.

Front 23

Define:

Heteropolysaccharide

Back 23

A polysaccharide consisting of more than one type of monosaccharide.

Front 24

Define:

Homopolysaccharide

Back 24

A polysaccharide consisting of one type of monosaccharide unit.

Front 25

Define:

Ketose

Back 25

A sugar whose carbonyl group is a ketone.

Front 26

Define:

Monosaccharide

Back 26

A carbohydrate consisting of a single saccharide (sugar)

Front 27

Define:

N-linked oligosaccharide

Back 27

An olidosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond to the amide group of a protein Asn residue in the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr

Front 28

Define:

O-linked oligosaccharide

Back 28

An oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond to the hydroxyl group of a protein Ser or Thr side chain

Front 29

Define:

Oligosaccharide

Back 29

A polymeric carbohydrate containing a few monosaccharide residues.

Front 30

Define:

Peptidoglycan

Back 30

The cross-linked bag-shaped macromolecules consisting of polysaccharide and polypeptide chains that form bacterial cell walls.

Front 31

Define:

Polysaccharide

Back 31

A polymeric carbohydrate containing multiple monosaccharide residues.

Also called a glycan

Front 32

Define:

Proteoglycan

Back 32

An extracellular aggregate of protein and glycosaminoglycan.

Front 33

Define:

Pyranose

Back 33

A sugar with a six-member ring.

Front 34

Define:

Reducing Sugar

Back 34

A saccharide bearing an anomeric carbon that has ot formed a glycosidic bond and can therefore reduce mild oxidizing agents.

Front 35

Define:

Starch

Back 35

A mixture of linear and branched glucose polymers that serve as the principal energy reserves of plants.

Front 36

Define:

Uronic Acid

Back 36

A sugar produced by oxidation of an aldose primary alcohol group to a carboxylic acid group.