Biochemistry 361

Front 1

Types of reactions definitions: synthetic (addition)

Back 1

Two or more substances combine to form one substance

Front 2

Types of reactions definitions: decomposition

Back 2

One compound breaks down into simpler products

Front 3

Types of reactions definitions: displacement (substitution)

Back 3

A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element

Front 4

Types of reactions definitions: double displacement

Back 4

Two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds

Front 5

Types of reactions definitions: acid-base

Back 5

Type of double displacement reaction. (Acids - proton donors, bases - proton acceptors)

Front 6

Types of reactions definitions: redox

Back 6

Oxidation-reduction (oxidized - lose electrons, oxygen atoms get reduced - gain electrons)

Front 7

Types of reactions definitions: combustion

Back 7

Type of redox reaction, typically produces CO2 and H2O, always releases lots of energy (usually in the form of heat and light)

Front 8

hydrocarbon

Back 8

Only contains hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms - fully saturated.

Front 9

Functional group make-up: alcohols

Back 9

Hydroxyl group, -OH

Front 10

Functional group make-up: aldehydes

Back 10

Carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom (on the end of a R chain) (R-C(=O)-H)

Front 11

Functional group make-up: ketones

Back 11

Carbonyl group inbetween two R groups (R-C(=O)-R')

Front 12

Functional group make-up: carboxylic acids

Back 12

Carboxyl group which is carbonyl linked to an Alcohol.
(-COOH)

Front 13

Functional group make-up: esters

Back 13

Product of a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
(R-C(=O)-O-R'

Front 14

Functional group make-up: Ethers

Back 14

Oxygen between two R groups
R-O-R'

Front 15

Functional group make-up: amines

Back 15

Organic molecules that can be considered derivatives of ammonia (NH3).
Primary (R-NH2)
Secondary (R-N(-H)-R')
Tertiary (R-N(-R')-R")

Front 16

Functional group make-up: amides

Back 16

Amine derivatives of carboxylic acids (R-C(=O)-N-R2)

Front 17

Functional group make-up: thiol

Back 17

sp3 carbon is bonded to a sulfhydryl group (-SH)

Front 18

SN1

Back 18

Substitution reaction in two steps:
1. Carbocation forms as the leaving group (a stable ion or a neutral molecule) is displaced
2. Nucleophile attacks the electrophilic cation to form the product
Can create two isomers (regular and inverted)

Front 19

SN2

Back 19

No carbocation intermediate. One step.
1. As the nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon that has been polarized by an electronegative atom, the leaving group leaves.
Inverted product

Front 20

E1

Back 20

1. Carbocation formation
2. Weak base abstracts a proton from a carbon next to the carbocation, yielding a double bond
Must have a hydrogen on neighboring carbon!

Front 21

E2

Back 21

1. Simultaneous removal of a Beta-proton by a strong base and release of the leaving group (beta-proton is bonded to the carbon adjacent to the carbon with the leaving group)
BETA-HYDROGEN AND LEAVING GROUP MUST BE ANTICIPLANAR

Front 22

E1cb

Back 22

Elimination unimolecular conjugate base
1. removal of a proton from the reactant to form a carnation
2. Loss of leaving group

Front 23

Functional group make-up: alkene

Back 23

R-C=C-R'

Front 24

Functional group make-up: alkene

Back 24

R2-C=C-R2

Front 25

Functional group make-up: alkyne

Back 25

R-C(triple bond)C-R'

Front 26

Amino Acid

Back 26

Amino group, carboxyl group, and R group
Building block of proteins (proteins are made up of one ore more polypeptides, which are long complex polymers made of amino acids)