Biochemistry

Front 1

DNA is made from the building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ____________.

Back 1

d) thymine

Front 2

____________: Unbranched polymer that, when folded into its three-dimensional shape,
performs much of the work of the cell.

Back 2

protein

Front 3

____________: The number of hydrogen bonds formed between A and T.

Back 3

two

Front 4

The main function of the plasma membrane is to:
A) provide the interior of the cell an enclosed environment which no molecules may cross.
B) provide a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins.
C) give eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength.
D) allow only the free passage of water in and out of the cell.

Back 4

B) provide a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins

Front 5

. The structural components (filaments and tubules) are organelles called the:
A) chloroplast.
B) cytoplasm.
C) cytoskeleton.
D) cell wall.
E) B and D.

Back 5

C) cytoskeleton

Front 6

Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATP molecules are most
likely to target which organelle?
A) mitochondria
B) cytoskeleton
C) cytoplasm
D) endopla

Back 6

A) mitochondria

Front 7

A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in the following order:
A) nucleus; secretory vesicle; Golgi complex
B) cytoplasm; Golgi complex; cytosol; secretory vesicle
C) endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex
D) nucleus; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex; secretory vesicle
E) None of the above.

Back 7

E) None of the above.

Front 8

Extracellular material is taken into the cell via which process?
A) endocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) lysosome-mediated indocytosis
D) reverse secretory mechanism
E) phago-cytosolic internalization

Back 8

B) phagocytosis

Front 9

The rigid material which provides structural support to a plant cell is/are called the:
A) plant cytoskeleton
B) plasma membrane
C) cell wall
D) chloroplast anchor proteins
E) microfilaments and microtubules

Back 9

C) cell wall

Front 10

What are the four key classes of biomolecules?

Back 10

Proteins, DNA/RNA, lipids, carbohydrates. These are the larger, monomer or biopolymer
molecules which perform many functions to maintain cellular life. Each has a different
biochemical make-up.

Front 11

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

Back 11

The simplest answer is defined by the existence of organelle. Eukaryotic cells contain
organelles including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not have such compartments.

Front 12

Describe the central dogma and why it is important for cell life.

Back 12

This is the phrase coined by Francis Crick and is the overview of how a cell uses the
information from DNA to produce RNA, protein, and more DNA. Much of the fate of a
cell (metabolism, survival, growth, movement, and cell differentiation) is based on the
control of the central dogma. Which genes are transcribed and translated defines the
function of a cell.

Front 13

Define an organelle

Back 13

An organelle is often, but not always, enclosed by a membrane. Examples include the
nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. However, the cytoplasm is defined as that area
surrounded by the plasma membrane, excluding the organelles.

Front 14

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Back 14

The endoplasmic reticulum is series of membrane tubes or sacs. When studded with
proteins (ribosomes), the endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough ER and is involved
with the processing of nascent protein. Smooth ER is involved in maturing proteins and
carbohydrates, and is responsible for xenophobic metabolism of foreign compounds

Front 15

Of the biochemical macromolecules, which class is chiefly responsible for catalysis of cellular
processes?

Back 15

Proteins

Front 16

DNA and RNA are composed of what basic biochemical compounds?

Back 16

Both RNA and DNA are nucleotides. Central to nucleotides is a carbohydrate molecule
called a ribose or deoxyribose. Bonded to the ribose is one of several aromatic nitrogencontaining organic compounds which are generically called “bases.” One or more
phosphate groups are also bonded to the ribose or deoxyribose.

Front 17

What are the important functions of carbohydrates?

Back 17

Structural, energy storage, modify proteins, cell–cell recognition, lipid modification.

Front 18

What is significant about the base pairing found in the helix?

Back 18

It provides a mechanism for copying the DNA from one generation to the next.

Front 19

Which property of lipids drives the formation of membranes?

Back 19

The dual chemical nature of lipids allows them to self-organize into membranes.

Front 20

Which of the following organelles has a double membrane?
A) nucleus
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) plasma membrane
E) A and C
F) All of the above

Back 20

E) A and C

Front 21

Translation takes place on/in the:
A) ribosomes.
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) DNA polymerases.
E) DNA parent strand.

Back 21

A) ribosomes.

Front 22

The central dogma describes:
A) the formation of cells from individual components.
B) the selective expression of genes.
C) the flow of information between DNA, RNA, and protein.
D) the work of polymerases on RNA and DNA.
E) All of the above.

Back 22

C) the flow of information between DNA, RNA, and protein.

Front 23

The half-life of which of the following is likely to be shortest?
A) protein
B) lipid
C) carbohydrate
D) DNA
E) RNA

Back 23

E) RNA

Front 24

How a protein folds is determined by:
A) whether the environment is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
B) the location in the cell in which the protein is located.
C) the pH of the cytoplasm.
D) the order of the amino acids found in the sequence.
E) All of the above.

Back 24

D) the order of the amino acids found in the sequence.

Front 25

Proteins are chiefly composed of which of the following?
A) carbohydrate and amino acids
B) long unbranched amino acid polymers
C) peptide bonds formed between lipid moieties
D) aggregated amino acids
E) A and B

Back 25

B) long unbranched amino acid polymers

Front 26

What gives proteins such a dominant role in biochemistry?
A) the variation in protein sizes
B) the ability to act as a blueprint
C) their ability to self-replicate
D) their ability to spontaneously fold into complex three-dimensional structures
E) All of the above.

Back 26

D) their ability to spontaneously fold into complex three-dimensional structures

Front 27

In higher organisms, which of the following is composed of a polymer with doublestranded phosphodiester-linked monomers?
A) RNA
B) DNA
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) None of the above

Back 27

B) DNA

Front 28

The structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick included:
A) a double helix.
B) the sugar–phosphate backbone aligned in the center of the helix.
C) the base pairs that are stacked on the inside of the double helix.
D) A and B.
E) A and C.

Back 28

E) A and C.

Front 29

Large particles of extracellular material are taken into the cell via:

Back 29

phagocytosis

Front 30

The basic unit of life is considered the _______________.

Back 30

Cell

Front 31

Although all cells in an organism have the same DNA, tissues differ due to selective
_______________.

Back 31

Expression

Front 32

A group of enzymes called _______________ catalyze replication

Back 32

DNA polymerase

Front 33

Heritable information is packaged into discrete units called _______________.

Back 33

Genes

Front 34

The most common carbohydrate fuel is _______________.

Back 34

Glucose

Front 35

A nucleotide consists of one or more _______________ groups, a 5-carbon ribose sugar,
and a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring group

Back 35

Phosphate

Front 36

A chemical that can dissolve in water is said to be _______________.

Back 36

Hydrophilic

Front 37

After hydrogen and oxygen, the next most common element in living systems is
_______________.

Back 37

Carbon

Front 38

Organisms are known to be highly uniform at the _______________ level.

Back 38

Molecular

Front 39

____________: Filled with proteases and other digestive enzymes.

Back 39

Lysozomes

Front 40

____________: Responsible for protein processing and xenobiotic metabolism.

Back 40

m) endoplasmic reticulum

Front 41

____________: Highly organized region of the cell where glycolytic metabolism occurs

Back 41

b) cytoplasm

Front 42

____________: Class of biological macromolecules with many functions such as forming
barriers between cell organelles, serving as a metabolic fuel, and cell-to-cell signaling

Back 42

lipid

Front 43

____________ are cells which are composed of multiple specialized compartments.

Back 43

eukaryotes

Front 44

The transfer of information from DNA to RNA is called ____________.

Back 44

transcription

Front 45

. ____________: The number of hydrogen bonds formed between G and C.

Back 45

Three