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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polycystronic |
Prok One gene that codes for multiple protiens |
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Operon |
Prok Segement of DNA that contains - Promoter - Structural Genes |
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Promoter |
Prok Starting area of an operon that contains operator |
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Operator |
Prok Sequence in promoters that contains the start codes for the genes. Where the represser binds to inhibit expression |
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Regulation of Operons |
Prok 1. Negative control - Repressor or Co-Repressor - Inducable operon 2. Positive control - Lac Operon as example |
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Repressor |
Prok Protein from Regulatory Gene that binds to operator in promoter or Operon and silences expression of that gene |
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Co-Repressor |
Prok A nutrient that binds to a repressor making it active to repress the Genes and stop transcription |
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inducible Repressor |
Prok When an inducer binds to repressor to remove it and allow for expression of Genes |
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Positive Regulation of gene expression |
Prok - Need inducer to attach to and pull off Repressor - Might also need right levels to activate inducer |
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Inducer |
Prok Thing that binds to repressor to pull it off and allow for transcription |
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Methylation of histones |
EUK Addition of Methyl group to C and G "Islands to increase positive charge and bind more tightly to DNA |
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Acetyltion and Deacytlatyion |
Aceytlation - decreases positive charge on N of Lysine residues and allows for expression of genes Deacetylation - removal of acetyl group from N of Lysine and makes more positive increasing the association with DNA |
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DNA Gene regulation - How - Example |
Controls what is expressed Acetylation/deacetylation Methylation |
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Transcrition Regulation - How - Example |
Controls repressor, actvators and enhancers - Cortisol - Binds outside of the Nucleus and causes expression of gene - Homodimer - Thyroid receptor and Retonoic Acid hormone - Binds inside the Nucleus and changes deacetylation and causes activation - Heterodimer
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Ways defects in transcription can affect cell |
Wring protien that doesn't - Inihbit or promote other gene expression - Work structurally as it should - work as an enzyme as it should |
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Post Transcriptional regulation - How - Examples |
1. Alternative spicing - 3' alt. splicing - 5' alternative splicing - Exon skipping and inclusion - Mutual exclusion - Intron retention 2. mRNA editing - Changing one base - Liver vs. Intestines stop codon change |
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Micro RNA's |
RNA molecules that regulate protein at post transcriptional level. Causes decreases expression of the mRNA - Degradation of the mRNA - Or block translation |
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Iron use in translation |
repressor bound to mRNA when iron levels low Iron will bing to repressor when levels are high and allow for expression of mRNA and creation of ferratin |
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Translational regulation How and example |
1. Translational processing - Regulation of machinery ex. Heme and production of myoglobin 2. mRNA stability - Regulation of mRNA to cause repression of expression - snRNA destroys mRNA |
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Post translational modificaitons |
Glycolisation Lipidation Phosphorilation Acetylation |
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mRNA editing |
changing one base in mRNA |
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mRNA splicing |
Changing how mRNA introns and exons are spliced |
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Phenotype |
displayed characteristic |
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genotype |
the DNA sequence |
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changes in genotype or translation leads to |
chagnes of phenotype |
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Restriction enzyme |
"cuts" DNA - Sticky (overhanging - Blunt (straight) That allows them to be introduced into a plasmid to be grown to produce DNA or Protien EG> Production of Insulin |
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Plasmid |
Circular DNA strands that are carried in DNA |
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Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) |
addition of primers in cycles of heating and cooling to allow polymerase to increase amounts of DNA |
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Polarity effects on DNA |
Polarity is used to separate DNA by size and weight using a electric gradient that pulls the DNA on direciton and separated depending on size and charge. Smaller/higher charged particles move faster and travel further down the gel |
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Southern Blot |
Blotting of DNA - Probe is DNA |
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Northern Blot |
Blotting of RNA - Probe is DNA or RNA |
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Western Blot |
Blotting of Proteins - Probe is antibody |
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probe |
Specific sequence of DNA, RNA or Antibody attached to a marker that anneals to DNA, RNA or Protein to function as marker |
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Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
When a single base is changed
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) |
When a change occurs that adds or removes a resriction site. Adds or remove as stop codon |
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Quatitative Reverse transcriptase PCR ( QRPCR) |
When RNA is returned to DNA through RT then amplified through PCR RNA-> cDNA -> More DNA through PCR |
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Allele specific Oligonucleotide (ASO) |
length of nucleotides that are attached to a marker to be used as a probe
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Coding vs nonCoding regions of DNA |
Coding: EXONS Noncoding: Promoters, introns, TATA, etc |
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Lac Operon |
Glucose high lactose low - CAP inactive with no cAMP to activate - Represser bound to operator Glucose low and lactose high - CAP ina - cAMP high and binds to CAP and activated promoter - Lactose binds to represser as inducer and opens translation Glucose high, Lactose high - Represser removed - Promoter not active |
