Biochem Midterm

Front 1

The group that signifies that carbohydrates are derivatives of polyhydric alcohol.

Back 1

Hydroxyl groups

Front 2

Generally considered as substances made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the proportion of H and C is the same as that found in a molecule of water (2:1)

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Carbohydrates

Front 3

These are simple sugars containing on saccharide group.

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Monosaccharides

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Trioses (2)

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Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone

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Tetroses (2)

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Erythrose, erythrulose

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Penoses (5)

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Xylose, ribose, desoxyribose, arabinose, rhamnose

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Hexoses (4)

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Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose

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Heptoses (2)

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Mannoheptose, mannoheptulose

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Composed of more than one (two to ten saccharide groups)

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Oligosaccharides

Front 10

Among the oligosaccharides, only ____ are of biochemical significance.

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Disaccharides

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Made up of several saccharide groups.

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Polysaccharides

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Starch group (4)

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Starch, glycogen, inulin, dextrin

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Cellulose group (2)

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Cellulose, hemicellulose

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Hemicellulose (3)

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Pentosans, hexosans, hexopentans

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Pentosans C5H8O4 (1)

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Gum arabic

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Hexosans (1)

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Agar agar

Front 17

Hexopentans (1)

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Pectins

Front 18

Carbohydrates that are white crystalline substances.

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Mono and Disaccharides

Front 19

Carbohydrates that are amorphous powder.

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Starch

Front 20

Carbohydrates that are fibrous and are the most complex.

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Cellulose

Front 21

The solubility of carbohydrates to ordinary solvents is _____ proportional to the complexity of their structures.

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Inversely

Front 22

Carbohydrates that are readily dissolved in water.

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Mono and Di

Front 23

Carbohydrates that dissolve slightly in water.

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Starch

Front 24

Carbohydrates that are practically insoluble in water.

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Cellulose

Front 25

Generic name applied to all carbohydrates possessing sweet taste.

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Sugar

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3 varieties of sugars

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cane sugar - sugar cane

grape sugar - fruits

milk sugar - milk

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The sweetest of the common sugars

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Fructose

Front 28

The least sweet sugar.

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Lactose

Front 29

The standard sweetness sugar.

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Sucrose

Front 30

The reagent most commonly used in reducing sugar.

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Copper sulfate CuSO4

Front 31

Hydrolyzes disaccharides and polysaccharides with varying degrees but has no effect on monosaccharides.

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Hot dilute mineral acids

Front 32

Molisch test

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Alpha Naphthol Reaction

Front 33

The general test for carbohydrates.

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Molisch test

Front 34

Positive result for Molisch test.

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Violet junction (all carbohydrates)

Front 35

The function of H2SO4 in molisch test.

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Dehydrating agent

Front 36

Specific test for fructose.

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Seliwanoff's test

Front 37

Seliwanoff's test.

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Resorcin-HCl test

Front 38

Positive result for Seliwanoff's test.

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Red (fructose and sucrose)

Front 39

Tollen's test

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Phloroglucin-HCl test

Front 40

Tests for pentose.

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Tollen's test, Bial's test, Tauber's test

Front 41

Positive result for Tollen's test

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Red (arabinose)

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Positive result for Bial's test.

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Green (arabinose)

Front 43

Positive result for Tauber's test

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Violet color

Front 44

A resinous substance formed when a solution of a reducing sugar is heated with an alkali and liberates aldehyde which subsequently polymerizes.

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Caramel

Front 45

Reduction of monosaccharides produces _____

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Polyhydroxyl alcohols

Front 46

Test useful in identifying sugars which produces specific osazone crystals.

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Phenylhydrazine reaction

Front 47

Two carbohydrates that have specific osazone crystals.

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Lactose and maltose

Front 48

Galactosazone crystals shape

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Big petals

Front 49

Glucosazone and Fructosazone crystals shape

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Corn shape

Front 50

Lactosazone crystals shape.

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Cotton ball

Front 51

Maltosazone crystals shape

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Small petals

Front 52

Reagent in Nylander's test

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Bismuth subnitrate

Front 53

Oxidation of aldehyde groups in carbohydrates yields ___

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Aldonic acid

Front 54

Primary alcohols are oxidized and are called _____

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Uronic acid

Front 55

Both aldehyde and primary alcohol groups are oxidized and are called ____

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Aldaric acids

Front 56

The decomposition of carbohydrates brought about by the action of microorganisms such as yeast, molds, bacteria, etc.

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Fermentation

Front 57

Products when yeast is added to a sugar solution.

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Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Front 58

The enzyme in the yeast which produces fragmentation of the sugar molecule.

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Zymase

Front 59

Isomer of saccharic acid

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Mucic acid

Front 60

Another name for mucic acid

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Galactaric acid

Front 61

Animal starch.

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Glycogen

Front 62

Found mostly in liver as storage material and in the muscles as source of energy.

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Glycogen

Front 63

Intermediary products of starch hydrolysis

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Dextrins

Front 64

When examined under the microscope, the particles appear as concentric layers of different shapes and sizes according to the species of the plant from which it is derived.

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Starch

Front 65

Dextrose or grape sugar

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Glucose

Front 66

Only sugar present in the blood

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Glucose

Front 67

Levulose

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Fructose

Front 68

Fruit sugar

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Fructose

Front 69

Commercially prepared by the hydrolysis of inulin

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Fructose

Front 70

Found in plants as a constituent of pectin

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Galactose

Front 71

Glucose + glucose

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Maltose

Front 72

Glucose + galactose

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Lactose

Front 73

Glucose + fructose

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Sucrose

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Saccharose

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Sucrose

Front 75

Organic substances made up of fatty acids and their naturally existing compounds and derivatives.

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Lipids

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Lipids are soluble in ____ and insoluble in ____

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organic solvents (ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, etc) ; water and other ordinary solvents (dilute acids, dilute alkalies, salt solutions, etc)

Front 77

True fats are also called _______

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Neutral fats

Front 78

Contain glycerol and fatty acids in their molecules.

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True fats

Front 79

Components of compound fats.

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Glycerol, fatty acid, nitrogenous base, phosphoric acid

Front 80

Examples of compound fats.

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Phospholipids and cerebrosides

Front 81

Found only as constituents of highly specialized brain and nervous tissues.

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Cerebrosides

Front 82

Contribute to the colloidal structure of living matter.

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Phospholipids and sterols, along with proteins and carbohydrates

Front 83

Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.

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Simple lipids

Front 84

Glycerol esters

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Acylglycerols

Front 85

Esters of higher alcohols.

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Waxes

Front 86

Waxes

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True waxes, cholesterol esters, Vit A esters, Vit D esters

Front 87

Lipids containing other radicals.

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Compounds lipids

Front 88

Contain phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base

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Phospholipids

Front 89

Choline as nitrogenous base

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Lecithin

Front 90

Ethanolamine as nitrogenous base.

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Cephalin

Front 91

Inositol as nitrogenous base.

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Lipositol

Front 92

Serine as nitrogenous base.

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Phosphatidyl serine

Front 93

Resemble lecithins and cephalins in structure.

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Plasmalogen

Front 94

Sphingosine and choline as nitrogenous base

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Sphingomyelin

Front 95

Compound lipid that contains carbohydrate and nitrogenous base.

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Glycolipids

Front 96

Amino lipids and sulfo-lipids, having amino and sulfate groups respectively

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Ill-defined lipids

Front 97

Product of hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics of lipids.

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Derived lipids

Front 98

Derived lipids.

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*saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

*mono and di-glycerides

*alcohols

*Miscellaneous

Front 99

Derived lipids that are products of hydrolysis of waves

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Straight chain

Front 100

Derived lipids like vitamin A and some carotenols

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Alcohols containing b-ionone ring

Front 101

Miscellaneous lipids like iso-octadecane from liver

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Front 102

Hydrocarbons in shark liver and human sebum

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Squalene

Front 103

They are neutral esters of monobasic fatty acids with trihydric alcohol, glycerol known as triacylglycerol or triglycerides.

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Fats

Front 104

Makes up about 15-50% of the total fatty acids in fats.

Back 104

Palmitic acid (Myristic and stearic are also frequent)

Front 105

Abundant in butter, animal fat, lard, coconut and peanut oil.

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Saturated fatty acids

Front 106

The most abundant fatty acid found in nature. It forms about 50% of the total fatty acid in many fats and is seldom 10%

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Oleic acid

Front 107

Most common unsaturated fatty acids

Back 107

Linoleic and linolenic acid

Front 108

The chief constituent of linseed oil.

Back 108

Linolenic acid

Front 109

The simplest trihydric alcohol and is commonly known as glycerine.

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Glycerol

Front 110

Glycerol is commonly known as ___

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Glycerine

Front 111

It is a by-product in the manufacture of soap.

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Glycerol

Front 112

Specific gravity of glycerol

Back 112

1.26 at 20C

Front 113

Acrolein's characteristic odor.

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Acrid odor

Front 114

Component of fat responsible for the positive acrolein test

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Glycerol

Front 115

Products when glycerol is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in slightly alkaline solution, in the presence of iron salt.

Back 115

Glyceric aldehyde and dihydroxy acetone

Front 116

Product formed when glycerol is treated with HNO3

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Nitroglycerine

Front 117

Neutral fats containing large amount of unsaturated fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature.

Back 117

Oils

Front 118

Emulsifying agents

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Soap, acacia, albumin, bile salts

Front 119

Hydrolysis of fats liberates _____

Back 119

Fatty acid and glycerol

Front 120

Instead of water in hydrolysis, an alkali is used

Back 120

Saponification

Front 121

Contribute to the rapid onset of rancidity.

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enzyme, lipoxidase and agents such as heat, light, moisture and bacteria.

Front 122

Compound lipids containing phosphoric acids called phosphatides or phosphorized fats

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Phospholipids

Front 123

Major phospholipids in the membranes.

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Phosphoglycerides

Front 124

Present in great quantities in the egg yolk, liver, and nervous tissues.

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Lecithin

Front 125

Appearance of lecithin and after oxidation

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Waxlike >>> Brown

Front 126

Egg yolk and brain yield lecithin with ______ as one of its component fatty acid.

Back 126

Arachidonic acid

Front 127

The enzyme present in cobra venom and poisonous spiders.

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Lecithinase

Front 128

Lecithinase splits off the unsaturated fatty acids from the lecithin producing _________

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Lysolecithin

Front 129

Includes the aromatic alcohols which are derivatives of a cycloperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

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Sterols

Front 130

Widely distributed in all cells of the body, particularly in the nervous tissues.

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Cholesterol

Front 131

Positive result of Salkowski's test

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Bluish red to purple color

Front 132

Positive result of Liebermann-Burchard's test

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Bluish green changing to emerald green

Front 133

Reagents in biuret test

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CuSO4, NaOH

Front 134

Positive result of Biuret test

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Purple solution

Front 135

A general test for the presence of a peptide bond.

Back 135

Biuret test

Front 136

Another name for Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test

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Glyoxylic reaction

Front 137

Reagents used in Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test.

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Glacial acetic acid, conc. H2SO4

Front 138

Reagents used in Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test.

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Glacial acetic acid, conc. H2SO4

Front 139

Positive result of Hopkin's cole.

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Violet ring

Front 140

Test for the presence of an indole group (tryptophan)

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Hopkin's cole

Front 141

Reduced sulfur test.

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Lead acetate test

Front 142

Reagents in reduced sulfur test

Back 142

Pb(OAc)2, NaOH

Front 143

Positive result for reduced sulfur test.

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Black ppt

Front 144

Test for the presence of sulfhydryl group.

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Reduced sulfur test

Front 145

Reagents used in xanthoproteic test.

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Conc. HNO3, NaOH

Front 146

Positive result of xanthoproteic test.

Back 146

Yellow -acid

Orange -basic

Front 147

Test for the presence of a benzene, phenyl, aromatic group in a protein.

Back 147

Xanthoproteic test