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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fatty acids
Fx of gauche confirmation? Heating promotes? Membrane fluidity factors? Lipid rafts contain? Short v. med v. long-chain? Essential FA? |
Incr gauche -> dec chain length & incr cross-sectional area
Gauche conformation -> fluid state Dec by cholesterol Incr by unsaturated lipids Cholesterol, sat sphingolipids, sat phosphoacylglycerols Short = 2-4C Med = 6-10C Long = 12-26C Linolenic (omega-3) Linoleic (omega-6) |
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Lipid absorption
Primary digestion products? 3 Where from micelles? Mix with? Which attach to alb? How FA absorbed? 2-monoglyceride? Chol? 4 |
FA, chol, 2-monoglyceride
Jejunum; bile acids Short-med length FA FA activated by fatty acyl coA + 2-mono-glyceride -> TG Chol esterified Packaged into chylomicrons |
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Fat mobilization
Enhanced during? 2 Fx insulin/glucagon on adenylate cyclase? 2 Triacylglycerol lipase fxn? Where? Tissues using FA? 5 Chylomicron broken down by capillaries of? 6 Via? FFA transported by? 2 |
Starvation; fasting
Glucagon promote; insulin inh Convert TG -> glycerol + 3 FA (adipose tissue) Heart, muscle, kidney, liver, brain (ketone bodies) Sk muscle, adipose, liver, heart, lung, kidney LPL Albumin, FABP |
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FA transport into mitochondria
Activated by? Into? Where? Converted into? By? Where? Inh? Promote? Converted into? By? Where? |
Acyl CoA synthetase
OMM FA -> FA CoA FA CoA -> fatty acylcarnithine CPT I across IMM +: Vit C; -: malonyl CoA Acylcarnithine -> FA CoA by CPT II in IMM |
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FA synthesis
Occurs in? Acetyl coA converted to? B/c? Malic enzyme pathway? RLS? Via? Vit req? Def? 5 FA synthase: Config? Carrying/transferring req? ACP? # NADPH/cycle? Released by? Odd # formed if? Regulation: 2 High insulin/glucagon ratio stim: 4 |
Cytosol
Citrate; acetyl coA won't cross mitochondria membrane Citrate + ATP -> OAA + ADP + Acetyl coA via citrate lyase OAA + NADH -> malate + NAD+ via malate dehydrogenase Malate + NADP+ -> pyr + NADPH via malic enzyme Acetyl coA -> malonyl coA via acetyl coA carboxylase Biotin def: dermatitis, depression, dry skin/eyes; can arise from raw egg ingestion Head-to-tail Phosphopentethine; cys residue Acyl carrying protein 2 NADPH/cycle Thioesterase release palmitate Start w/ propionyl coA -> odd # Glucagon -> cAMP -> PKA -> acetyl coA carboxylase-P (inactive) Insulin -> protein phosphatase -> acetyl coA carboxylase (active) malic enzyme, citrate lyase, FA synthase, G6PD |
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Beta oxidation:
Step 1? 3 Step 2? 1 Step 3? 2 Step 4? 3 If even # C? If odd? FADH2 energetics? NADH?Acetyl CoA? ATP req for activation? Peroxisome work on? Mitochondria? |
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Uses FAD Inh by Jaimaica vomitting sickness Enoyl CoA hydratase β-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase Uses NAD+ β-keto thiolase Uses CoA-SH Generate aceyl CoA + FA CoA Continues w/ even Odd end in propionyl coA -> -> succinyl CoA 2 ATP/cycle; 3 ATP/cycle; 12 ATP; 2 ATP for FA activation P: Long-med FA M: Med FA |
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Ketone body synthesis
Ketone bodies: 3 Occur in? Catalyzed by? Located in? Regulation in starvation state? |
Acetate, ACAC, BOHB
Mitochondrial matrix HMG CoA reductase; liver Acetyl coA low -> can't react w/ OAA so converted to KB |
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Liproteins: fxn/route, apolipoproteins:
Chylomicrons 3, 4 VLDL 2, 3 IDL 2, 2 LDL 3, 1 HDL 3 |
Deliver TG to peripheral tissue
Deliver chol to liver as chylomicron remnants Secreted by intestinal epithelial cells B-48, A-IV, C-II, E Deliver hepatic TG to peripheral tissue Secreted by liver B-100, C-II, E Formed by VLDL degradation. Deliver TG & chol to liver B-100, E Deliver liver's chol to peripheral tissue Formed from VLDL in peripheral tissue Taken up by liver cell via R-mediated endocytosis B-100 Mediate reverse chol transport to liver Repository for ApoC, apoE for chylomicron, VLDL Secreted from both liver, SI |
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Lipoprotein enzymes:
LPL: synth? translocated to? bound to? fxn? 2 Regulated by? 3 Found in? 3 LCAT: fxn? 2 ACAT: fxn? 2 |
Synth in parenchymal cells
Translocated to intestinal surface; bound to heparin sulfate Process chylomicron, VLDL for TG -> FA hydrolysis Postprandial: Incr insulin -> Inc LPL activity in adipose Postabsorption: Dec activity in adipose, Incr activity in muscle Sk muscle3, heart, adipose Storage & transport of chol esters in lipoprotein core Cleaves FA -> attach to chol -> more hydrophobic -> penetrate HDL core Preps chol for stoarge Intracellular esterification of chol when taken up from LDL |
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Familial dyslipidemia: Name? Incr?
I: Serum? 2 Patho? 2 Sx? 3 IIa: Serum? 1 Patho? 2 Class? 5 Sx? 3 IV: Serum? 1 Patho? 1 Sx? 1 |
Hyperchylomicronemia
chylomicrons TG, chol LPL def or altered C-II Pancreatitis, HSM, eruptive xanthomas Familial hypercholesterolemia LDL Chol Auto dom; absent/dec LDL-R 1: promoter 2: Golgi to cell surface 3: Cys disulfide mutation 4: Clustering in pits 5: LDL-R recycling impaired Accelerated atherosclerosis, tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus Hypertriglyceridemia VLDL TG Liver overproduction of VLDL Pancreatitis |
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Abetalipoproteinemia
Genetics? Def? 2 Sx? 5 Bx? 1 |
Auto R
Apo B-100, Apo B-48 Failure to thrive, steatorrhea, acanthocytosis, ataxia, night blindness Chylomicron accumulation in enterocytes b/c can't be exported |
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Chol biosynth
7 steps? Regulation? 3 |
1. 2 Acetyl coA -> acetoacetyl coA
2. Acetoacetyl coA + acetyl coA -> HMG CoA 3. HMG CoA + NADPH -> NADP+ + melavonate via reductase (RLS) 4. Melavonate -> activated 5C isoprene using ATP 5. 6 isoprenes -> 30C squalene 6. Squalene cyclize -> 4 ring lanosterol w/ C3 oxidation 7. 3C cut -> cholesterol Sterol inactivate SCAP (regulatory protein for regulatory element) Sterol promoted HMG proteolysis Glucagon -> cAMP -> PKA -> HMG CoA reductase-P (inactive) |
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Bile acid synth/conj
Where synth? Stored? Released by? RLS of synth? Chenocholic v. cholic acid Conj w/? 2 Why? Bile salt pK v. intestinal lumen pH 2o bile salts made by? Purpose? |
Liver; gallbladder
Released by CCK -> contraction GB α-hydroxyl added to C7 of B ring via 7α-hydroxylase Cheno: 3α, 7α diol Cholic: 3α, 7α, 12α triol Conj w/ glycine or taurine Lower bile salt pK -> more ionized -> better detergents Bile salt pK = intestinal lumen = ~ 6 -> abt 1/2 ionized Bacteria remove glycine & OH @ C7 -> less soluble -> more excreted |
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Sitosterolemia
Incr in? 2 Patho? 2 Sx? 2 Tx? 2 |
Chol, plant sterols
Mutation ABCG5/8 -> pump chol & plant sterols into lumen Xanthomas, Incr plant sterols Diet low in plant fats, nuts, chocolate, seeds; bile acid resins |
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PG, TX, LT
Derived from? COX v. LOX? Subscript indicates? PGD2 located in? 3 PGE2? 1 PGF2? 1 PGI2? 1 PGH2 =? Fx of: PGI2/E2/D2? 3 PGF2? 2 TX contain? Located in? Fx: TXA2? 3 LT lack? LOX enzymes where? LTB4 fx? 6 LTCDE fx? 4 Strength? Aspirin fx? |
C20 poly-unsaturated FA (AA)
Cyclooxygenase -> PG, TX Lipoxygenase -> LT # double bonds Brain, spinal cord, mast cells Kidney Uterus Vasc endothelial cells PGH2 = precursor for other PGs PGI/E/D2: vasodilatin, dec plt aggregation, T cell prolif PGF2: vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction O incorporated to form 6 member ring TXA2 in plt Vasoconstriction, plt aggregation, bronchoconstriction No internal ring 5-LOX PMN; 12-LOX plt; 15-LOX eosinophilic Incr vasc perm, T cell prolif, chemotaxis, IFN-g, IL-1, IL-2 D > C > E: Incr bronchoconstriction, vasc perm, GI contraction, IFN-g COX-inh -> No PG, No TX, but LT still |