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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hexokinase/Glucokinase
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Glc -> Glc-6-phos
*ATP -> ADP *Regulated step |
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Name two reactions where ATP is hydrolyzed (including enzymes)
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Glc -> Glc-6-phos by hexokinase, glucokinase
Fruc-6-phos -> Fruc-1,6-bisph by phosphofructokinase |
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Glc -> Glc-6-phos
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Hexokinase/Glucokinase
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Phosphoglucose isomerase
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Glc-6-phos -> Frc-6-phos
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Glc-6-phos -> Frc-6-phos
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Phosphoglucose isomerase
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
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Fruc-6-phos -> Fruc-1,6-bisphos
*ATP -> ADP *Regulated step |
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What molecules activate PFK-1?
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AMP, ADP, Pi, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
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Fruc-6-phos -> Fruc-1,6-bisphos
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK-2)
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Fruc-6-phos -> Fruc,2,6-bisphos
*Regulatory molecule ONLY *Stimulates glycolysis |
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Fruc-6-phos -> Fruc,2,6-bisphos
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK-2)
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What molecules inhibit PFK-1?
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ATP, citrate, H+
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Fructose-bisphosphatase-2
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Fruc-2,6-bisphos -> Fruc-6-phos
*Conversion inactivates glycolysis |
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Fruc-2,6-bisphos -> Fruc-6-phos
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Fructose-bisphosphatase-2
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Aldolase
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Fruc-1,6-bisphos -> DHAP, G3P
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Fruc-1,6-bisphos -> DHAP, G3P
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Aldolase
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Triosephosphate isomerase
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DHAP <-> G3P
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DHAP <-> G3P
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Triosephosphate isomerase
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G3P -> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
* Produces 2 NAD -> 2 NADH |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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G3P -> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
*Converts 2 NAD -> 2 NADH |
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What factors (i.e. not innate molecules) disrupt glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity?
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Heavy metals, peroxynitrite, arsenate
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Phosphoglycerate kinase
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1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate
*Produces 2 ATP *Substrate level phosphorylation |
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1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate
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Phosphoglycerate kinase
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Phosphoglycerate mutase
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3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
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3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
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Phosphoglycerate mutase
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Enolase
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2-phosphoglycerate -> PEP
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2-phosphoglycerate -> PEP
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Enolase
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Pyruvate kinase
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PEP -> Pyruvate
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PEP -> Pyruvate
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Pyruvate
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What molecules inhibit pyruvate kinase?
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High ATP, alanine
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What is the effect of phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase? Dephosphorylation? Where does this occur?
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Inactivates; Restores; Liver
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What is the effect of insulin on glycolysis?
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Promotes glycolysis
Insulin promotes dephosphorylation of PFK2/FBPase-2 complex, activating PKF2, deactivating FBPase-2 PFK2 produces more F-2,6-BP, activating glycolysis |
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What is the effect of glucagon on glycolysis?
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Inhibits glycolysis
Glucagon mediates phosphorylation of PFK2/FBPase-2 complex via cAMP, activating FBPase-2 FBPase-2 converts F-2,6-BP back to F-6-P, preventing glycolysis stimulatoin |
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Where does the fructose-1-pathway occur?
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Liver
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Fructokinase
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Fructose -> Fruc-1-phos
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Fructose -> Fruc-1-phos
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Fructokinase
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Fructose-1-phosphate adolase
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Fruc-1-phos -> DHAP, Glyceraldehyde
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Fruc-1-phos -> DHAP, Glyceraldehyde
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Fructose-1-phosphate adolase
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Triose kinase
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Glyceraldehyde -> G3P
* Converts ATP -> ADP |
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Glyceraldehyde -> G3P
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Triose kinase
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Galactokinase
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Galactose -> Galac-1-phos
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Galactose -> Galac-1-phos
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Galactokinase
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Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
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Galac-1-phos + UDP-glc -> UDP-galactose + Glc-1-phos
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UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
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UDP-glucose -> Glucose-1-phosphate
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What components are required for pyruvate carboxylase activity?
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ATP used to attach CO2 to biotin, required for activity
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Pyruvate carboxylase
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Pyruvate -> OAA
*Irreversible step *Requires activation with CO2, ATP and biotin |
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Pyruvate -> OAA
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Pyruvate carboxylase
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OAA -> Malate -> OAA
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Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase |
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Mitochondrial/cytosolic malate dehydrogenase
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OAA <-> Malate
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PEP carboxykinase
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OAA -> PEP
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OAA -> PEP
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PEP carboxykinase
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
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Fruc-1,6-BP -> Fruc-6-phos
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Fruc-1,6-BP -> Fruc-6-phos
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
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Glucose-6-phosphatase
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Glc-6-phos -> Glucose
*In liver ONLY |
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What effect does glucagon have on gluconeogenesis?
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Increases gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels
Glucagon, through cAMP cascade, phosphorylates PFK2/FBPase-2 complex. Phosphorylation deactivates PFK2, activates FBPase-2 FBPase-2 converts F-2,6-BP back to F-6-P, reduces inhibition of FBP-1 (fruc-1,6,-bisphosphatase) |
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Lactate dehydrogenase
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Lactate -> Pyruvate
*Beginning of gluconeogenesis from lactate |
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Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)
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OAA + Glu -> Asp + alpha-ketoglutarate
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OAA + Glu -> Asp + alpha-ketoglutarate
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Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)
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Asp + alpha-ketoglutarate -> OAA + Glu
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Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase
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Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase
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Asp + alpha-ketoglutarate -> OAA + Glu
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