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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 roles of glycolysis
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1. degrades glucose to generate ATP
2. provides building blocks for synthetic reactions |
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what enzymes are used in glycolysis?
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1. hexokinase
2. phosphofructokinase 3. pyruvate kinase |
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what controls muscle glycolysis?
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ratio ATP to AMP
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how does phosphofructokinase change?
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most important in control. most sensitive. high levels of atp inhibit the enzyme. this protects muscle from producing too much acid
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how does hexokinase change?
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inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate. negative feedback. inhibition of phosphofructokinase inhibits hexokinase
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pyruvate kinase
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activated by fructose 1,6 phosphate. final step of glycolysis
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lactate is convert to __ in the liver
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glucose
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in the liver, phophofuctokinase is inhibited by
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citrate
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abudance of fructose 6-phosphate leads to a higher concentration of
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F-2, 6-BP
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glycolysis is acc when glucose is abundant. example of
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feed forward stimulation
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what enzyme montiors blood glucose level?
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glucokinase, helps assmeble fatty acids
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pyruvate kinase
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L liver type
M muscle type |
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GLU1, GLU3
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basal glucose uptake at constant rate. low Km 1mL
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GLU2
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in liver and pancretic cells. insulin signals to remove glucose from the blood. high Km 15-20 mM
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GLU4
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transfers glucose to fat and muscle cell Km 5 mM
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GLU5
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in intestines, fructose transporter
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def of gluconeogensis
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synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
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gluconeiogenisis pathway
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pyrucate to glucose
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majoynoncarb precursoes
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lactate, amino acids, glycerol
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when does lactate and some aa enter the glu pthway?
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begininng w pyruvate
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ezyme that goes from pyruvate to oxaloacetate
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pyruvate carboxylase
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where do more aa enter the glu pathway?
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ooa
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what enzyme converts lactate to pyruvate?
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lactat dehydrogenase
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some gluconeogensis takes place
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(liver, kidney) brain, skeletal muscle, heart muscle
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bypass 1
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1 pyruvate to ooa, using pyruvate carboxylate
2 ooa to phosphoenolpyruvate, using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
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bypass 2
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fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, by hydrolysis of the phosphate ester
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bypass 3
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glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, by hydrolysis
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special structure of pyruvate carboxylate
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ATP grasp domain
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bitoi serves as a carrier of
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co2 and adds it to form the co2
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in order for biotin to be carboxylated
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coA is bound to the the enzyme
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ooa must be transported thorugh the memebrane in the form of
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reduced to malate and then oxidized converted back later
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what happens to form phosphoenolpyruvate?
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decarboxylated (remove co2) and phosphorylated (P added from GTP)
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