Biochem Exam 1

Front 1

Identify the biological role of membranes

Back 1

Organization, compartmentilization, selective filter, communication via protein receptors, individuality, energy transduction

Front 2

How do prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes

Back 2

Eukaryotes--Have nucleus and other organelles

Prokaryotes--no nucleus (bacteria)

Front 3

What is the function of compartmentalization

Back 3

Collect/concentrate enzymes, facilitates communication of cells with surrounding environment

Front 4

Membrane Asymmetry

Back 4

When the outer membrane has a different composition than the inner membrane, assists with membrane functionality

Front 5

Non-Polar, Alphatic Amino Acids

Back 5

Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Valine, Leucine, Isolucine

Front 6

Aromatic, Non-polar amino acids

Back 6

Phenylalnine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

Front 7

Polar Uncharged amino acids

Back 7

aspargine, glutamine, serine, threonine

Front 8

Sulfur containing amino acids

Back 8

Methionine, lysteine

Front 9

Charged Negative/Acidic Amino Acids

Back 9

Aspartate, Glutamate

Front 10

Charged Positive Basic Amino Acids

Back 10

Arginine, Lysine, Histidine

Front 11

Integral proteins

Back 11

bury deep into non-polar regions/used for transport and signal transduction

Front 12

Peripheral proteins

Back 12

bind to the tops of membranes through non-covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds--receptors and enzymes

Front 13

components of the fluid mosaic model

Back 13

phospholipids, cholesterol, lipids, carbohydrates

Front 14

what components of a membrane affect fluidity

Back 14

cholesterol, lipids, and proteins

Front 15

Major polar membrane lipids

Back 15

Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids

Front 16

Glycerophospholipids

Back 16

phosphatidic acid is the foundation molecule, 2 fatty acids in eser bond to glycerol and a phosphate

Front 17

Phingolipids

Back 17

sphingosine backbone, 1 fatty acid and polar glucose or galactose

Front 18

phosphatidylcholine differs from sphingomyelin

Back 18

phosphatidylcholine has a choline head group, clycerophosphoric acid and 2 fatty acids

Sphingoymelin has a phosphocoholine, a ceramide, and a fatty acid

Front 19

How does the orientation of a phospholibid differ if it in water versus it being in oil

Back 19

direction of the polar heads--on the outside in water, inside with oil

Front 20

What compounds belong to the class of glycerophospholipids

Back 20

Phosphatidic acid, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol

Front 21

What compounds belong to the class of sphingolipids

Back 21

Cermide, sphingomyelin, ganglioside, glucosylcerebroside

Front 22

Cholesterol is derived from what compound

Back 22

Isoprene

Front 23

Cholesterold is the precursor molecule for what classes of compounds

Back 23

Steroid hormones and bile acids

Front 24

What are the characteristics of proteins in plasma membranes?

Back 24

channels/transporters for movement of compounds across membranes, receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters, provide structure

Front 25

What is the glycocalyx and how does it function

Back 25

Exposed carboyhydrate chains that are hydrophilic--protect cell from digestion, restrict hydrophobic compounds from entering

Front 26

What is the function of aquaporin

Back 26

allows faster movement of H20

Front 27

How does glucose permease effectuate glucose absorption in the red blood cell

Back 27

Hydrophobic region coils into alpha helix which allows for glucose transport

Front 28

Molecules that can diffuse across membranes

Back 28

Gases like CO2, 02, N2, CH4, small polar molecules (water, ethanol), and hydrophobic molecules (benzene)

Front 29

Cannot diffuse across membranes

Back 29

Large polar molecules (glucose), charged molecules (H+, Cl-, Ca2+, Na2+)

Front 30

Carrier mediated transport vs. diffusion

Back 30

diffusion molecules move along electrochemical gradient, carrier mediated move against the gradient, has specificity, competition and saturation

Front 31

Voltage gated channels

Back 31

transmembrane proteins form a pore for ions that responds to stimuli to open and close, Na+ gates are closed, depolarization opens them

Front 32

Ligand gated channels

Back 32

Opens or closes in response to a chemical messenger like a ligand

Front 33

The sodium Potassium Pump

Back 33

3 sodium ions enter for each 2 potassium ions that leave, atp hydrolysis is used to allow sodium to be released, potassiums bind and trigger hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and return to original composition

Front 34

Sodium CoTransport or Symport

Back 34

glucose enters with sodium into cell, sodium then leaves, and postassium pumps in to maintain intra and extracellular concentrations

Front 35

what are lysosomes, what do they do

Back 35

digestive organelles, prevent loss of hydrolyctic enzymes into cytosol, eliminate unwanted materials, destroy infection bacteria and yeast, recover from injury, tissue reomodeling, cell turnover

Front 36

identify lysosomal hydrolases

Back 36

Proteases, Glycosidases, glucuronidases, sulfatases, deoxyribonucelases, ribonuclease, phosphatase, lipase, phopholipase

Front 37

Proteases

Back 37

break down proteins

Front 38

Glycosidases, Glucuronidases, and Sulfatases

Back 38

Break down carboyhdrates

Front 39

Deoxyribonuclease

Back 39

breaks down DNA

Front 40

Ribonuclease

Back 40

Breaks down RNA

Front 41

Phosphatase

Back 41

Inorganic phosphate

Front 42

lipase

Back 42

breaks down triacylglycerols

Front 43

Endocytosis

Back 43

Particles to be transported are enclosed in small portions of cell membrane to form vesicles--uses ATP

Front 44

Exocytosis

Back 44

release secreted proteins into the exterior (expulsion of waste)

Front 45

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

Back 45

posttranslational modification of proteins

Front 46

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 46

Smooth ER- synthesis of lipids and steroids

Rough ER- synthesis of proteins

Front 47

What is the function of kinesin motor proteins

Back 47

Moves vesicles along tubules

Front 48

Cytoskeleton and how does it function

Back 48

The structure of the cell, organized by microtublules, thin filaments, and intermediate filaments--uses actin and tubulin for cellular movement

Front 49

General features of a chemical messenger

Back 49

Secreted by specific cells in response to stimulus, transported through blood or extracellular fluid, messenger binds to target cell receptor, messenger binding elicits response

Front 50

Types of chemical messengers

Back 50

Nervous, Endocrine, Cytokines, Eicosanoids

Front 51

Nervous chemical messengers

Back 51

biogenic amines/neuropeptides

Front 52

5 types of biogenic amine neurotransmitters

Back 52

Catecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and epinephrine, as well as histamine and serotonin

Front 53

Endocrine chemical messengers

Back 53

hormones from endocrine glands, estrogen

Front 54

Cytokine chemical messengers

Back 54

cell to cell communication--interferons, interleukins

Front 55

Eicosanoids

Back 55

made by oxidation of 20 carbon-fatty acids, derived from omega 3 or omega 6 fatty acids--prostoglandins

Front 56

Intracellular Receptors

Back 56

hydrophobic molecules, gene specific transcription factors like steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, etc

Front 57

Plasma membrane receptors

Back 57

has an external domain, membrane spanning domains that are alpha helices, and intracellular domain that initiates signal transduction

Front 58

Categories of plasma membrane receptors

Back 58

Ion channel linked receptors, Kinase or activated Kinase receptors, Heptahelical receptor

Front 59

Ion Channel Linked Receptors

Back 59

cell membrane bound receptors--ligand gated channels, conformational change occurs upon ligand binding

Front 60

Kinase or activated Kinase receptors

Back 60

intracellular domain is activated when messenger binds to extracellular domain and amino acid on receptor is phosphorylated--response is propogated through signal transduction proteins (tyrosine kinase receptor)

Front 61

Heptahelical Receptor

Back 61

G proteins (guanosine nuceleotide-binding proteins), have 7 membrane spanning helices, work through second messengers like cyclic AMP

Front 62

9 functions of water

Back 62

transport nutrients and waste, provide medium for chemical reactions, act as a reducing agent, act as a solvent, lubricates and cushions joints, absorbs shock and maintains temperature, buffering substances, maintains blood volume, aids in digestion, absorption, metabolism of nutrients

Front 63

hydrogen bonding and why is it important in water

Back 63

chemical bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen, nitrogen, or flourine. Holds water in its liquid and solid states (easily broken)

Front 64

How does Hydrogen Bonding effect the state of water

Back 64

The strength of the hydrogen bonds leads to unusually high melting temperature--the bonds form crystalline patterns in ice where all 4 hydrogen bonds participate vs. 2-3 hydrogen bonds in liquid form

Front 65

How does hydrogen bonding compare to the strength of a covalent bond

Back 65

Hydrogen bond is much weaker, need about 4-4.77 calories to break, need 110 calories to break covalent bond

Front 66

Why is the fact that water becomes less dense when frozen beneficial for marine life

Back 66

Only the top layer of a river or lake freezes which allows the water below to remain unfrozen and support life, it also traps oxygen under the layer of ice

Front 67

What is the specific heat of water

Back 67

1.00 cal/g C

Front 68

Examples of organic molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water

Back 68

alcohol, amides, amines, esters, carbonyl

Front 69

Examples of hydrogen bonding between molecules without water being present

Back 69

two peptides, two complementary base pairs of DNA

Front 70

examples of organic molecules that water can dissolve

Back 70

polar compounds--alcohol, amides, amines, esters and ionic compounds (salts)

Front 71

how are ionic compounds dissolved by water

Back 71

because they are polar and their individual ions can be saturated with water

Front 72

What is waters interaction with non-polar compounds

Back 72

not water soluble, hydrophobic

Front 73

why is water a good solvent

Back 73

low viscosity, smaller relative to organic compounds, can dissolve polar compounds and compounds that ionize

Front 74

How does water affect thermoregulation in the body

Back 74

high heat of fusion so a lot of energy required to raise temperature , high heat of vaporization

Front 75

What are electrolytes?

Back 75

ionic salts

Front 76

examples of electrolytes

Back 76

Na, K, Ca, Mg, HC03, SO, PO

Front 77

what is osmolality

Back 77

the measure of the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Front 78

Why is osmolality important?

Back 78

measures the body's electrolyte-water balance

Front 79

What is water's relation to pH

Back 79

water dissociates or ionizes forming a hydroxyl molecule (OH) and hydrogen atom (H+)

Front 80

what is pH?

Back 80

pH is the negative log of the proton concentration

Front 81

what is an acid?

Back 81

any substance with a pH below 7

(releases a proton)

Front 82

what is a base?

Back 82

any substance with a pH higher than 7

(accepts a proton)

Front 83

Examples of acidic compounds

Back 83

battery acid, lemon juice, vinegar, beer, coffee

Front 84

Examples of basic compounds

Back 84

seawater, detergent, soapy water, hair remover, drain cleaner, blood plasma

Front 85

examples of neutral compounds

Back 85

distilled water/waters with salt dissolved

Front 86

why is the maintenance of normal pH essential for cells?

Back 86

critical enzymes are pH sensitive, can cause cell death

Front 87

Examples of common organic acids

Back 87

formic acid, carbonic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid

Front 88

what is pK, what does it measure?

Back 88

pK is the negative log of the acid dissociation constant and the measure of acid strength

low pK strong acid

Front 89

what is the henderson-hasselbalch equation?

Back 89

Front 90

what does it do?

Back 90

used to calculate pH, pK, and individual acid and conjugate base concentrations and laboratory buffers

mathematical calculation of all points on the titration curve

Front 91

What is a buffer?

Back 91

A buffer solution is an acid and its conjugate base or vice versa

Front 92

What is titration?

Back 92

titration is adding incremental amounts of base to an acid sample and monitoring the pH with a pH meter. used to determine the pK of the acid

Front 93

Examples of biological buffers

Back 93

carbonate-bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system

Front 94

What is the major source of CO2 production?

Back 94

TCA cycle

Front 95

What is the chloride shift-whys it important?

Back 95

Cl- is brought into the RBC to keep neutral charge as HCO3- leaves RBC (blood pH is extremely important and needs to remain neutral)

Front 96

How is hydrochloric acid produced in parietal cells?

Back 96

CO2 enters cell from blood, combines with water with carbonic anhydrase, transformed into carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-). Bicarbonate is released pulling in Cl- from the blood. Hydrogen-potassium ATPase pulls the H+ into gastric duct gland and K+ across paritial cell. Cl-combines with H+ to form hydrochloric acid

Front 97

Reasons for dehydration

Back 97

inadequate water intake, excessive water loss through kidney lungs and skin burns, result of impaired kidney function, impaired response to hormones

Front 98

How is intracellular pH maintained

Back 98

Phosphate anions and ATP act as buffers, liver produces ketone bodies, lactic acid from muscles,