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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pepsin

A- is a zymogen
B- requires the action of the hormone gastrin to be active
C- is the most activate at pH 7.0
D- cleaves proteins completely into free amino acids
B
Gastrin stimulates the secretion of hycholric acid into the stomach, creating a very acidic environment that is optimal for the activity of _______
pepsin
In addition, the low pH acts as a denaturing agent, unfolding globular proteins and making their internal peptide bonds more accessible to the enzymatic hydrolysis of pepsin
yep
The urea cycle

A- takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes
B- generats ATP
C- starts with the entry of ornithine
D- converts ammonia to urea
D
the urea cycle converts ammonia in the form of _________ ______ into urea
carbamoyl phosphate
Ammonia CANNOT be transported in the blood as

A- urea
B- glutamate
C- alanine
D- glutamine
B
Glutamate is strictly an intracellular carrier of ammonia. In mucles and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of ______, which can be converted to ______ or _______ for transport to the liver
glutamate
glutamine
alanine
In which of the following organisms is the amino nitrogen from amino acids excreted as uric acid?

A- eagels
B- zebra fish
C- daffodils
D- Rats
A
birds and reptiles excrete amino nitrogen as ___ ____ and are therefore called uricotelic animals
uric acid.
the glucose-alanine cycle involves
A- the linking of gluconeognesis and glycolysis in the liver
B- transfer of the amino group from alanine to glutamate to form glutamine in the liver
C- the transport of pyruvate by alanine
D- the passing of alanine back and forth between the liver and sk. mm
C
vigorously contracting skeletal muscles operate anaerobically, producing _______ from glycolysis as well as __________ from protein breakdown. Both of these products are eliminated from the muscle by being combined to form _________, which is transported in the blood to the _______
pyruvate
ammonia
alanine
liver
in what way are the TCA and the urea cycles linked?
Fumarate generated in the urea cycle is used in the TCA.
which types of amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic?

A- those that are degraded to succinyl-CoA
B- those that are degraded to pyruvate
C- those that are degraded to oxaloacetate
D- those that are degraded to acetyl-CoA
B

pyruvate can be converted to either acetyl-CoA (a ketone body precursor ) or oxaloacetate (a precursor for gluconeogenesis)
what types of amino acids are ketogenic?

A- those that are degraded to fumarate
B- those that are degraded to succinyl-CoA
C- Those that are degraded to acetyl-CoA
those that are degraded to alpha-ketoglutarate
C
which of the following amino acids is degraded in the liver?

A- Isoleucine
B- Valine
C- Threonine
D- Leucine
C
All ____ _____ chain amion acids are degraded in the liver. The branched-chain amino acids ( ______, _______, _______) are degraded in _____________ tissues such as muscle, adipose, kidney, and brain tissue.

This is because the aminotransferase that converts all three branched-cahin amion acids to their corresponding alpha-keto acids is ______ in liver
non-branched
leucine, isoleucine, valine
extrahepatic
absent
The cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (adoMet) transfers

A- CO2
B- Methyl groups
C- methionine
D- adensyl groups
B
the role of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is...
as an intermediate carrier of amino groups.
what do the peptidases trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptiase A have in common?

A- they cleave peptides at specific amino acid residues
B- They are activated by enteropeptidase
C- they cleave their own zymgens
D- They digest peptides in the intestine
D
The reactions catalyzed by aminotransferases

A- require a ketoglutarate as an amino group acceptro
B- generate free ammonia
C- involve two substrates
D- are highly exergonic
C
aminotransferase rxns are typical bimolecular ping-pong reactions, in which the first subsrate reacts and the product must leave the active site before the ________ substrate can bind
second
which enzyme DOES NOT participate in the transfer pathway of nitrogen from ALL amino acids to urea?

A- glutaminase
B- glutamate dehydrogenase
C- arginase
D- aspartate aminotransferae
A
glutaminase cleaves the amide group from glutamine, generating _____ and ________. Ammonia is the incorporated into urea via carbamoyl phosphate. Therefore, glutaminase will only participate in the transfer of nitrogen from glutamine to urea
glutamate
ammonia
which of the following amino acids can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate?

A- aspartate
B- leucine
C- methionine
D- proline
D
people with a defective tyrosinase gene suffer from

a- kidney stones
B- malple srup urine disease
C- PKU
D- lack of pigmentatoin
D
which of the following is TRUE about ALL amino acids?

A- Degradation generates products that can enter the TCA
B- they cannot be synthesized by humans
C- the first step of catabolsim is the removal of the alpha-amino group
D- they can be stored
A
the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex

A- requires coenzmye A as a cofactor
B- catalyzes oxidative deamination
C- generates alpha-keto acids
D- transfers carboxyl groups to the other molecule
A
the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chian alpha keto acids, releasing the carboxyl group as ____ and producing the acyl-coA derivative. This reaction, which is analogous to the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by pruvate dehydrogenase, requires ____ ___ as a cofactor
CO2
coenzyme A
what is Uricotelic?
excreting excess nitrogen in the form of urate (uric acid)
what is ureotelic?
excreting excess nitrogen in the form of urea