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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phosphocreatine
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in skeletal muscle
uses ATP to store E |
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Maltose
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reducing disacchride of made of 2 glucoses
|
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Lactose
|
reducing sugar made of glactose and glucose
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Sucrose
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non-reducing sugar made of glucose and fructose
|
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law of mass action
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Vmax is proportional to collisons btwn reactants
|
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Competitive Inhibitor
|
I binds to E
I inc apparent Km Vmax is unaffected |
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Non-Competive Inhibitor
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binds E and ES
Vmax is decreased Km can remain unchanged |
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Uncompetitive Inhibitor
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I binds to ES
apparent Km dec Vmax dec |
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GLUT 1 & GLUT 3
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basal glucose uptake
Km = 1 all cells |
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GLUT 2
|
live and B-cells
Km = 15-20 glu uptake prop [blood glu] inc glu uptake = inc insulin = carb storage |
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GLUT 4
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Km = 5
skeletal muscle & fat cells insulin inc = translocation to plasma memb |
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GLUT 5
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fructose uptake in small intestine
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SGLT 1
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sodium glucose cotransporter
small intestine glucose & galactose uptake |
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Hexokinase
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low Km
use Mg-ATP inhibited by product inhibitied by G6P |
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Glucokinase
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liver and pancreatic b-cells
higher Km not inhibited by G6P |
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Glycogen Phosphorylase
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cleaves alpha 1-4 bonds
non-reducing ends >4 from branch uses PLP releases G1P |
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Phospholucomutase
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G1P --> G6P
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Glucose-6-phosphotase
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in liver, hydrolyzes G-6-P to glucose
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debranching enzyme
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transfers block of 3 glu from a-1,6 branch to diff a-1,4 AND hydrolyzes the remaining a-1,6 glucose unit
releases 1 free glucose |
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UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
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rxn is readily reversible driven by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
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pyrophosphatase
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hydrolyzes pyrophosphate PPi
|
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Glycogen Synthase
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catalyzes the elongation of non-reducing termini of glycogen forming a-1,4 linkages
|
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nucleoside diphosphate kinase
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UDP --> UTP
readily reversible Km ~1 |
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Glycogenin
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tyrosine dimer
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Branching enzyme
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7 glu residues to a 6 position on a nearby chain
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Factors that increase glycogen breakdown
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epinephrine, glucagon, AMP, Ca++
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Factors that decrease glycogen synthesis
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insulin, ATP, G-6-P, glucose (liver)
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Glycogen Phosphoylase
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dimer
T-state = inactive R-state = active a - phosphorylated - active b-not phos - inactive |
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Phosphorylase Kinase
|
phos glycogen phosphorylase a
activated by Ca & PKA phos |
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Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1
PP1 |
dephos glycogen phosphorylase
inactivated by PKA P of I activated by insulin TRK P of R |
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Phosphofructose Kinase
activators? Inhibitors? |
ATP, Citrate, dec pH - feedback inhib changes Km
AMP, ADP, Pi - allosteric activators that compete w/ ATP for binding site F26BP => activator |
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Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate
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made by PFK2 + ATP
degraded by FBPase 2 |
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Phosphofructokinase 2
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makes F26BP and is stimulated by insulin activation of phosphoprotien phosphotase
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Fructose bisphosphatase 2
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breaks F26BP -> F6P
Activated by glucagon activation of cAMP dependent PKs |
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Aldolase
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(glycolysis) uses Schiff base
|
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Triosephoasphate isomerase (TIM)
|
ketose -> aldose
driven by removal of GAP (glycolysis) |
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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(glycolysis)
ox-red makes NADH makes high E phosphate bond (mixed anhydride) inactivated by heavy metals (arsenate) |
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Phosphoglycerate Kinase
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(glycolysis)
substrate level phosphorylation -> ATP |
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Phosphoglycerate Mutase
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(glycolysis)
shifts Phos from C3 to C2 |
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Enolase
|
(glycolysis)
dehydration creating high E posphoenol bond driven by entropy (H2O loss) |
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Pyruvate Kinase
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(glycolysis)
substrate level phosphorlyation -> ATP |
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Pyruvate Kinase Regulation
|
feedforward activation by F16BP
feedback inhibition by ATP & alanine inactivated by phos by cAMP PKs |
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Enzymes Required for Fructose to enter glycolysis (3)
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fructokinase
fructose 1 phospate aldolase triose kinase |
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Enzymes Required for Glactose to enter glycolysis (3)
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galactose kinase
gal-1-phos uridyl transferase UDP gal 4 epimerase -> UDP glu |
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Effects of insulin on glycolysis?
glycagon? |
insulin - stimulates
glucagon - inhibits |
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Pyruvate Carboxylase
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allosterically regulated biotin dependent enzyme -> OAA
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PEP carboykinase
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decarboylates OAA -> PEP at expense of GTP
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Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
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F-16-BP -> F6P
inhibited by AMP activated by ATP |
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Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase)
|
G6P -> Glu
rich in liver but absent in muscle luminal side of ER facilitated by memb transporters in ER memb |