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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which atoms can form a hydrogen bond?
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A hydrogen atom physically bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom can H-bond with an adjacent electronegative atom.
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What is the ion product of water?
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Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1 x 10^-14
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What is the formula for pH?
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pH = -Log [H+]
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Value for Log 1
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0
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Value for Log 2
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0.3
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Value for Log 10^x?
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x
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Value of Log xy?
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Log x + Log y
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Rewrite -Log x/y as a positive Log.
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Log y/x
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Rewrite x = Log y, removing Log
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10^x = y
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Definition of an acid
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Substance that contributes protons to a solution
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Definition of a base
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Substance that combines with protons in a base
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Acid names end in?
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-ic
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Conjugate base names end in?
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-ate
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What is the difference between strong and weak acids?
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Strong acids tend to dissociate into protons, weak acids do not
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Name two strong acids found in the body
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Sulfuric acid and Hydrochloric acid
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What does Ka represent?
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The dissociation constant for an acid
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What is the equation to find Ka?
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Ka = A- / HA
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What does pKa represent?
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The negative log of Ka
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What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
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pH = pKa + log (A- / HA)
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If HA increases in a solution, what does the pH do?
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Decreases
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If A- increases in a solution, what does the pH do?
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Increases
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What do buffers consist of?
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A weak acid and its conjugate base
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What two factors determine a buffer's effectiveness?
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The buffer's pKa compared to the solution's pH and the concentration of the buffer
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What is the most important physiological reason for maintaining pH?
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Protein conformation can be changed by pH
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What are the two most important buffers in blood?
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Hemoglobin and bicarbonate
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What are the equations for the bicarbonate buffer?
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H2O + CO2 <--> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) <--> HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H+
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What is the equation of the dissociation of the ammonium ion?
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NH4+ <--> NH3 + H+
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What is the relation of insulin concentration to glucagon?
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As insulin decreases, glucagon increases
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What is the relation of insulin concentration to ketones?
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As insulin decreases, ketons increase
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What fasting glucose level signals diabetes?
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Above 126 mg/dL
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What is a normal fasting glucose level?
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Below 110 mg/dL
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What glucose level (at any time) suggests diabetes?
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Above 200 mg/dL
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What is the pKa of the bicarbonate buffer?
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6.1
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