Biochem

Front 1

Three redox cofactors that are involved in reactions of mitochondrial electron transport

Back 1

Fe-S, NAD+, and FAD

Front 2

Two reactions in the liver that require biotin as a cofactor are

Back 2

B-hydroxyacyl CoA <->B-ketoacyl CoA and acetyl CoA <->malonyl CoA

Front 3

In the liver insulin stimulates the conversion of acetyl CoA to

Back 3

fatty acids and glycogen

Front 4

Two enzymes of gluconeogenesis that are inhibited by ADP are

Back 4

pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

Front 5

Three advantages of storing fat as a nutrient source versus storing carbohydrate are

Back 5

fat contains fewer oxygens per carbon, one gram of fat yields 2.5 times more ATP than one gram of glucose, fat is hydrophobic and is stored dry

Front 6

VLDLs contain the following molecules:

Back 6

cholesterol esters, triglycerides, membrane phospholipids, and proteins

Front 7

Four B vitamins required in their cofactor forms total oxidative metabolism of alanine are

Back 7

folic acid, biotin, NADH, pyridoxyl phosphate, nicotinamide

Front 8

3 conditional essential AAs

Back 8

arginine, tyrosine, cysteine

Front 9

9 essential AAs

Back 9

valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalannine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, methionine, theromine

Front 10

insulin adipose tissue activation

Back 10

lipoprotein lipase, triglyceride sytthetase, glucose transport to adipose cells

Front 11

insulin adipose tissue inhibition

Back 11

triglyceride lipase

Front 12

insulin liver activation

Back 12

glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthetase, VLDL synthesis, HMG-CoA reductase

Front 13

insulin liver inhibition

Back 13

pyruvate carboxylase, pep carboxy kinase, F-1,6-dp phosophatase, g-6-p phosphatatse, glycogen phosphorylase, transport of glucose

Front 14

insulin skeletal muscles activation

Back 14

glycogen synthetase, glucose transport, conversion of AAs to proteins, AA uptake from the blood

Front 15

insulin skeletal muscle inhibition

Back 15

glycogen phosphorylase, breakdown of proteins to AAs

Front 16

During periods of fasting, the liver converts fatty acids to ______.

Back 16

ketone

Front 17

Three reactions of glycolysis that are inhibited by high levels of ATP in the cell are

Back 17

glucose to G1P, F6P to F1,6DP and PEP to Pyruvate

Front 18

Results of electron transport system

Back 18

H+ ion gradient, reoxized coefactors, makes H2O

Front 19

3 protein kinases that are important in regulating carbohydrate metabolism are:

Back 19

hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphfructokinase

Front 20

two primary function of cell membranes are:

Back 20

barriers and transport

Front 21

two causes of reduced blood supply to tissue in pooly maintained type 2 diabetes mellitus are:

Back 21

decreases size of lumen in blood vessels and increase of blood lipids forming plauges

Front 22

2 reasons for the relative complexity of protein kinase A activation versus the insulin receptor protein kinase activation are:

Back 22

increase intervention places and increase amplification

Front 23

two neurotransmitter/neurohormone molecules that are formed from an amino acid, but are not themselves amino acids are:

Back 23

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 24

two ways to induce protein denaturation are:

Back 24

change in ph and change in temperature

Front 25

why do your cells convert glucose to glycogen?

Back 25

so the cell doesn't burst

Front 26

Two reactions in the liver that require biotin as a cofactor are:

Back 26

Pyruvate--> OAA
Acetyl CoA--> malonyl CoA