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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What amino acids are derived from α-ketoglutarate
|
Glu
-->Arg -->Gln -->Pro |
|
What amino acids are derived from Oxaloacetate?
|
Asp
-->Asn |
|
What amino acid is derived from pyruvate?
|
Ala
|
|
What amino acids are derived from 3-Phosphoglycerate?
|
Ser
-->Gly -->Cys |
|
What supplies the amide group of Asn during synthesis?
|
Glutamine
|
|
? donates amino groups by transamination?
|
Glutamate
|
|
Aminotransferase requires what coenzyme for it to work?
|
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
|
|
What enzyme utilizes α-ketoglutarate and NH4+ and NADPH (converted to NADP+) to synthesize GLUTAMATE?
|
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
|
|
? pathways replenish the supply of TCA cycle intermediates.
|
Anaplerotic
|
|
What substrates in the TCA cycle are part of the Anaplerotic pathway?
|
FOCKS
Fumarate Oxaloacetate Citrate α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA |
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Succinyl-CoA is useful in the synthesis of?
|
Heme
|
|
? pathways divert TCA cycle intermediates for biosynthesis
|
COK
Citrate Oxaloacetate α-ketoglutarate |
|
REMEMBER
Histidine can be used to synthesized α-ketoglutarate BUT CANNOT be synthesized FROM α-ketoglutarate |
REMEMBER
Histidine can be used to synthesized α-ketoglutarate BUT CANNOT be synthesized FROM α-ketoglutarate |
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What amino acid is required for Catecholamines synthesis?
|
PHENYLALANINE --> tyrosine
|
|
? is the ORGANIC portion of HEME.
|
Porphyrin Ring
|
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Heme is the ? of important proteins called HEMOPROTEINS.
|
Prosthetic Group
|
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Give examples of Hemoproteins (3)
|
CYTOCHROME
myoglobin hemoglobin |
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Heme is a complex made up of ? and ?
|
Iron-Porphyrin
|
|
How are Porphyrins are synthesized from ? , ? and ?.
|
"poor gly suca Iron"
Glycine Succinyl CoA Iron |
|
Glycine and Succinyl CoA condense to yield ?
The enzyme responsible is called ? and requires ? Where is this enzyme located? |
δ-aminolevulinate
δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) requires Pyridoxal Phosphate Mitochondria |
|
What is the rate-limiting step in synthesis of porphyrins?
|
δ-Aminolevulinate Synthase (ALAS)
|
|
What are the 2 distinct forms of the enzyme δ-Aminolevulinate Synthase (ALAS)
Which is feedback inhibited by heme? |
ALAS-N ----liver
ALAS-E ----erythroid tissue HEME inhibits ALAS-N |
|
Two δ-Aminolevulinate molecules condense to yield ?
|
Porphobilinogen
|
|
Four Porphobilinogen make ?
which is then used to form ? by ring closure and isomerization. ? formed by decarboxylation and oxidation ? is incorporated into it to make HEME |
Hydroxymethylbilane
Uroporphyrinogen III Protoporporphyrin IX Iron |
|
? serves as a small quickly available source of high energy phosphate in muscle cells.
|
Phosphocreatine
|
|
Creatine and Phosphocreatine undergo slow spontaneous coversion to ?
|
Creatinine
|
|
Daily total urinary ? excretion is proportional to body muscle mass and is fairly constant
|
Creatinine
|
|
How is Creatine synthesized?
|
Glycine
guanido group of Arginine methyl group from S-Adenosyl methionine |
|
Fuel sources for muscle
earliest utilization to long utilization |
ATP
Creatine Phosphate Anaerobic Metabolism Aerobic metabolsim |
|
Creatine Synthesis
Amidinotransferase Arginine ----> Guanidoacetate what is the byproduct of this reaction? |
Ornithine
|
|
What amino acid is essential for the 1-carbon Pool? (active -CH3)
|
Methionine
|
|
What amino acids contribute in the formation of Creatine?
|
Glycine
Arginine Methionine (for SAM) |
|
? serves as a "redox buffer"
|
Glutathione
|
|
Glutathione removes toxic peroxides in the reaction catalyzed by ?
|
Glutathione Peroxidase
|
|
What are amino acids are required for Glutathione synthesis?
|
Glutamate
Cysteine Glycine |
|
? maintains the proper Thiol-disulfide state in proteins.
(2 GSH <----> GSSG) Protein S-S <----> Protein -SH -SH |
Thiol Transferase
|
|
GSSG ---> 2GSH
requires what enzyme and power source? |
Glutathione Reductase
NADPH + H ---> NADP+ |
|
? is the precursor of the catecholamines
|
Tyrosine
|
|
? is the precursor of Serotonin
|
Tryptophan
|
|
? is the precursor of Histamine
|
Histidine
|
|
What is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?
What activates this enzyme? Allosterically activated? allosterically inactivated? |
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
Phosphorylation by cAMP-Dependent protein Kinase Phenylalanine activates Catecholamines inactivate |
|
What is the reducing cofactor required for catecholamine synthesis?
How is it reduced back to its original form after being oxidized? |
BH4
(Tetrahydrobiopterin) NADPH |
|
What is the required coenzyme for L-DOPA conversion to Dopamine?
|
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
|
|
What is the required coenzyme for Dopamine to Norepinephrine?
|
Ascorbate (Vitamin C)
Oxygen (O2) |
|
What is required for Norepinephrine conversion to epinephrine?
|
SAM -------> SAH
|
|
What induces synthesis of Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase?
(norepinephrine ---> epinephrine) |
High levels of CORTISOL
(from the adrenal cortex) |
|
Describe the function of Serotonin:
Central and Peripheral nervous system - Platelets - GI Tract - |
Central and Peripheral nervous system - NEUROTRANSMITTER
Platelets - VASOCONSTRICTOR GI Tract (enterochromaffin cells) - stimulates smooth muscle contractions |
|
How is serotonin degraded?
|
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
Aldehyde dehyrogenase |
|
Where is serotonin converted to melatonin?
What are the enzymes used? |
Pineal Gland
5-HT-N-acetyltransferase ---AcCoA 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ---SAM |
|
Remember
Carboxylases / decarboxylases USUALLY use Pyrodoxial Phosphate (PLP) |
Remember
Carboxylases / decarboxylases USUALLY use Pyrodoxial Phosphate (PLP) |
|
How is histidine converted to histamine?
How is histamine degraded? |
PLP + Histidine Decarboxylase
SAM + Histamine Methyltransferase => Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) |
|
REMEMBER
Histamine... -stimulates gastric secretion -released from mast cells and basophils -inflammation -regulates release and turnover of other transmitters in the brain |
REMEMBER
Histamine... -stimulates gastric secretion -released from mast cells and basophils -inflammation -regulates release and turnover of other transmitters in the brain |