Bioc33 Lab Exam

Front 1

pulmonary circuit

Back 1

through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

Front 2

systemic circuit

Back 2

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide

Front 3

in order to beat, the heart needs 3 types of cells

Back 3

1. rhythm generators- produce an electrical signal (SA node)
2. conductors- spread the pacemaker signal
3. contractile cells- mechanically pump blood (myocardium)

Front 4

inherent rythmicity or automaticity

Back 4

the property of the cardiac tissue that has the electrical sequence of depolarization and repolarization due to specialized pacemaker cells

Front 5

sympathetic system

Back 5

increase heart rate and strength of contraction;
during exercise or if blood pressure drops;
influence increases during inhalation

Front 6

parasympathetic system

Back 6

slows heart rate;
during relaxation;
influence increases during exhalation

Front 7

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 7

the record of the electrical signal

Front 8

P-R interval

Back 8

- from the end of P wave to start of QRS complex
- time it takes for the impulse sent from the SA node to travel to the ventricles

Front 9

S-T segment

Back 9

- interval between end of S wave and start of T wave
- period during which ventricles are more or less uniformly excited

Front 10

Q-T interval

Back 10

- start of QRS complex to end of T wave
- electrical systole (when ventricular beat is generated)

Front 11

carotid sinus reflex

Back 11

decreases heart rate in response to a rise in carotid arterial blood pressure

Front 12

what happens when inspiratory muscles contract?

Back 12

- inspiration
- pressure within thorax decreases
- thoracic veins expand slightly

- momentary drop in venous pressure, venous return, cardiac output, and systemic atrial blood pressure

- reduces frequency of carotid baroreceptor firing
- momentary increase in heart rate

Front 13

what happens when inpiratory muscles relax?

Back 13

- expiration
- pressure within thorax increases
- thoracic veins compressed

- momentary increase venous pressure and venous return

- systemic venous baroreceptors increase heart rate

- increase cardiac output and systemic atrial blood pressure
- increases carotid baroreceptor firing
- decreases heart rate

Front 14

average resting heart rate for adults

Back 14

70 beats/min

Front 15

resting heart rates for athletes

Back 15

50 beats/min
- slower heart rates
- left ventricular hypertrophy- larger muscle in the left ventricle

Front 16

Willem Einthoven

Back 16

developed a string galvanometer that could accurately record the electrical activity of the heart (1901)

Front 17

why is it possible to measure electrical activity in and around the heart from the surface of the skin?

Back 17

because the body contains fluids with ions that allow for electrical conduction, and we assume food electrical contact is made with the body fluids using electrodes

Front 18

lead

Back 18

a spatial arrangement of two electrodes on the body

Front 19

magnitude

Back 19

differences between positive and negative electrodes

Front 20

vector

Back 20

an arrow whose head points in the positive direction.
the length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the lead

Front 21

einthoven's triangle

Back 21

a configuration of three leads.

Front 22

einthoven's law

Back 22

lead I + lead III = lead II

Front 23

mean electrical axis of the heart

Back 23

summation of all the vectors occurring in a cardiac cycle

Front 24

why is blood flow unidirectional?

Back 24

because the 4 valves inside the heart prevent retrograde (backward) flow

Front 25

pulsatile

Back 25

blood pressure and blood flow in the arteries are pulsatile, increasing during ventricular systole and decreasing during ventricular diastole

Front 26

eq. pulse pressure

Back 26

pulse pressure (mmHg) = systolic pressure- distolic pressure

Front 27

eq. mean arterial pressure

Back 27

mean arterial pressure (mmHg) = 1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic pressure
OR
MAP = (systolic pressure + 2 diastolic pressure ) / 3

Front 28

eq. heart rate

Back 28

heart rate (BMP) - (60 seconds/min) / pulse to pulse interval (seconds)

Front 29

systolic pressure

Back 29

highest arterial pressure reached during ventricular systole;
normal range = 100-139 mmHg

Front 30

distolic pressure

Back 30

the lowest arterial pressure reached during ventricular diastole;
normal range = 60-89 mmHg

Front 31

stroke volume

Back 31

volume of blood ejected per beat

Front 32

eq. flow

Back 32

flow (L/min) = pressure (mmHg) / resistance (peripheral resistance units)

Front 33

auscultatory method

Back 33

diagnostic monitoring (via stethoscope) of sounds made by internal organs

Front 34

korotkoff sounds

Back 34

sounds detected during blood pressure measurement
first sound- systolic pressure
second sound (disappearance of sounds)- diastolic pressure

Front 35

normal blood pressures:
systolic and diastolic

Back 35

systolic less than 130 mmHg;
diastolic less than 85 mmHg

Front 36

ventricular systole

Back 36

begins at the peak of R wave and ends at the end of T wave

Front 37

ventricular diastole

Back 37

begins at the end of T wave and ends at the peak of R wave

Front 38

pressure wave

Back 38

a wave generated through the pumping action of the ventricles via the arterial walls
- the stiffer the walls, the faster the transmission of the pressure wave, but more work is required by the heart to move the same blood volume

Front 39

plethysmography

Back 39

the study of blood volume changes within an organ by using volume displacement techniques

Front 40

photoelectric transducer

Back 40

a type of transducer used in plethysmography that operates by converting light energy to electrical energy.
- shine a beam of light through the skin and measuring the amount of light reflected
- the greater the blood volume, the greater the light absorption

Front 41

3 primary functions of the respiratory system (in conjunction with the circulatory system)

Back 41

- provide oxygen for the body's energy needs
- provide an outlet for CO2
- help maintain the pH of the blood plasma

Front 42

inspiratory center (medulla)

Back 42

- initiates inspiration via activation of the inspiratory muscles
- average respiratory rate (RR) = 12-14 cycles/minute
- active inspiration

Front 43

expiratory center (medulla)

Back 43

- limit and then inhibit inspiratory center
- passive expiration

Front 44

the basic breath pattern is affected by

Back 44

- higher centers in the brain
- feedback from peripheral and central chemoreceptors in the arterial system and medulla
- stretch receptors in the lungs
- other sensory receptors in the body

Front 45

apnea vera

Back 45

temporary cessation of breathing after voluntary hyperventilation

Front 46

hypercapnia

Back 46

- lungs gain carbon dioxide in body fluids due to hypoventilation (shallow and/or slow breathing)
- increase carbonic acid, increase protons, decrease pH in body fluids

Front 47

why is the central medullary chemoreceptors exposed to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 47

because the CSF is unbuffered in contract to the blood, changes brough about by the dissociation of CO2 are more pronounced

Front 48

pneumograph transducer

Back 48

converts changes in chest expansion and contraction to changes in voltage, which will appear in waveform

Front 49

spirometer

Back 49

spiro- breath
meter- measure

Front 50

spirogram

Back 50

record of volume change vs. time

Front 51

tidal volume

Back 51

the volume of air inspired or expired during a single breath;
normal TV = 500 mL

Front 52

pulmonary capacity

Back 52

the sum of two or more primary lung volumes

Front 53

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Back 53

the maximal amount of air a person can forcibly exhale after a maximal inhalation

Front 54

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

Back 54

the percentage of FVC that a person forcibly expels in intervals of 1,2,and 3 seconds (FEV1,FEV2, FEV3)

Front 55

eq. maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)

Back 55

a pulmonary function test that combines volume and flow rates to assess overall pulmonary ventilation
- while the subject hyperventilates
- MVV= average volume per cycle * number of cycles per minute

Front 56

single stage vital capacity (SSVC)

Back 56

the volume of expired air when a person takes in maximal inhalation and then maximal exhalation

Front 57

crhonic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 57

- airflow into and out of the lungs is reduced due to inflammation of airway lining and mucus secretions.
- asthma or emphysema

Front 58

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease

Back 58

- ability to inflate and deflate lungs is reduced
- pulmonary fibrosis or sislicosis