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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The 3 types of formed elements in the blood
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erythrocytes
leukocytes thrombocytes |
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the normal RBC count
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4-6 million per cubic millimeter
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individuals living at high altitudes have ______ RBC count
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greater
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life span for normal RBC
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100-120 days
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function of erythrocytes
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transport of O2 and CO2
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enzyme of RBC
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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normal total WBC count
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4,000-11,000 per cubic millimeter
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job of WBC's
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protect body against pathogens
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2 categories of WBC's
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granulocytes
agranulocytes |
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name the granulocytes
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basophils
neutrophils eosinphils |
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name the agranulocytes
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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the largest WBC
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monocyte
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smallest WBC
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lymphocyte
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what are thrombocytes?
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platelets
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what are platelets?
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cell fragments of megakaryocytes
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what is the normal platelet cell count?
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250,000-500,000 per cubic millimeter
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what is hemostasis?
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stoppage of bleeding from a damaged vessel
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the formed elements of the blood are produced where?
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Red Bone Marrow
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What is the process of forming the formed elements?
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hemopoiesis
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the primary location of RBM
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spongy bone
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stem cell which all formed elements originate
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hemocytoblast
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what are myeloid stem cells
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hemocytoblasts form erythrocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes
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what are lymphoid stem cells
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hemocytoblasts form lymphocytes
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hemocytoblasts differentiate into these 3 cell types
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myeloid stem cells, lymphoid stem cells, and megakaryocytes
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the lymphocyte's job
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produce antibodies/immune system
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major type of blood vessel in Red Bone Marrow
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sinusoid
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describe magakaryocytes
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large cells in red bone marrow, large multi lobed nucleus, formed from hemocytoblasts
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the lymphatic system's job
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participates in the body's defense and resistance to disease, also sight for production and maturation of lymphocytes
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lymph node job
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acts as a filter to remove microorganisms and other foreign substances from lymph (also activation of the immune system)
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2 major regions of the lymph node
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cortex and medulla
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the cortex of the lymph node consists of this
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lymph nodules
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the lighter stained central region of a lymph nodule
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germinal center
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what is the germinal center of lymph nodules
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site of rapid lymphocyte division
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the medulla of a lymph nodule consists of these
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macrophages
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the cortex is a ________ stain than the medulla of a lymph node
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darker
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lymph nodules are found here
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outer cortex of lymph node
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this carries lymph to a given lymph node
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afferent lymphatic vessel
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this carries lymph away from the lymph node
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efferent lymphatic vessel
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this passes or filters through lymph nodes
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lymph
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this surrounds the lymph node
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capsule of fibrous CT
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inward extensions of the lymph node capsule
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trabeculae
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major pathway taken by lymph within the node is through
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lymph sinuses
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where is the spleen located?
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left side of body, just under diaphragm
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functions of the spleen
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remove foreign substances from blood
provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation remove and destroy worn out blood cells from circulation store some red blood cells |
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medullary cords
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are small extensions of cortex made up of lymphocytes and plasma cells
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medullary sinus
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how lymph travels through lymph node
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concave side of lymph node where lymph leaves by efferent lymphatic vessels is called this
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hilus
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where is the thymus gland?
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in upper chest cavity posterior to the sternum
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thymus gland's job
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site for lymphocyte maturation
secretes hormones required for the body to mount an immune response |
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2 major components of whole blood
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plasma
formed elements |
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plasma
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non-living fluid matrix component of blood
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percentage of whole blood that consists of formed elements
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hematocrit
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Major function of neutrophils
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phagocyte, found where there is inflammation in the body
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Major function of eosinophils
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combat infection and parasites, also associated with allergies and asthma
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Major function of monocytes
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replenish macrophages and move to sites of infection
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Major function of basophils
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stores histamine, also helps with infections
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Major function of lymphocytes
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Important role in body's defenses
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Is a neutrophil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?
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granulocyte
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Is a eosinphil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?
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granulocyte
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Is a basophil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?
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granulocyte
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Is a lymphocyte a granulocyte or agranulocyte?
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agranulocyte
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Is a monocyte a granulocyte or agranulocyte?
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agranulocyte
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what is the abundance of a neutrophil?
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40%-70%
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what is the abundance of a eosinophil
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1%-4%
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what is the abundance of a monocyte
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4%-8%
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what is the abundance of a basophil
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less than 1%
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what is the abundance of a lymphocyte
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20%-45%
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describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a neutrophil
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nucleus: 3-7 lobes
cytoplasm: pink, fine granules |
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describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eosinophil
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nucleus: 2 lobed
cytoplasm: contains large, bright orange granules |
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describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a monocyte
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nucleus: large, often kidney bean shaped
cytoplasm: faint light blue |
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describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a basophil
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nucleus: usually 2 lobed, indistinct, hidden by cytoplasmic granules
cytoplasm: large purplish or purplish-black granules |
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describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a lymphocyte
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nucleus: round or oval, chromatin clumped.
cytoplasm: light blue, agranular. thin halo around nucleus |
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the major function of the respiratory system
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gas exchange
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where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system
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alveoli
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name for a connected series of structures during breathing
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tract
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the upper respiratory tract includes
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nose, pharynx, larynx
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the lower respiratory tract includes
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trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
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inside part of the nose
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nasal cavity
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air enters the nasal cavity by
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2 external nares (nostrils)
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median that divides nasal cavity into Right and Left
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nasal septum
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the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity are called
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conchae
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3 conchae of nasal cavity
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superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, inferior nasal conchae
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the nasal cavities lead into the pharynx through
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internal nares
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describe the pharynx
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passageway for both food and air (throat)
consists of 3 parts, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx
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air passageway only, superior portion of pharynx
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oropharynx
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air and food passageway, middle portion of pharynx
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laryngopharynx
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air and food passageway, inferior portion of pharynx
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the major function of the respiratory system
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gas exchange
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where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system
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alveoli
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name for a connected series of structures during breathing
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tract
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the upper respiratory tract includes
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nose, pharynx, larynx
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the lower respiratory tract includes
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trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
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inside part of the nose
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nasal cavity
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air enters the nasal cavity by
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2 external nares (nostrils)
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median that divides nasal cavity into Right and Left
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nasal septum
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the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity are called
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conchae
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3 conchae of nasal cavity
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superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, inferior nasal conchae
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the nasal cavities lead into the pharynx through
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internal nares
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describe the pharynx
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passageway for both food and air (throat)
consists of 3 parts, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx
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air passageway only, superior portion of pharynx
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oropharynx
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air and food passageway, middle portion of pharynx
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laryngopharynx
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air and food passageway, inferior portion of pharynx
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larynx
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from pharynx, where air enters, also known as voice box
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cartilages of the larynx
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thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage epiglottis |
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thyroid cartilage
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adam's apple
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opening of the larynx
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glottis
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glottis
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opening of the larynx
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this covers the glottis
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epiglottis
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the glottis is surrounded by these
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vocal cords
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thachea
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windpipe, air passageway that runs from larynx to bronchi
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the trachea divides into
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the right and left primary bronchus
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each primary bronchus enters its respective lung at an indented region called
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hilus
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primary bronchi divide into
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secondary bronchi
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how many lobes to the right lung?
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3
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how many lobes to the left lung
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2
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secondary bronchi divide into
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tertiary bronchi
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tertiary bronchi divide into
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bronchioles
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do bronchioles contain cartilage
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no
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larger bronchioles branch into
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terminal bronchioles
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terminal bronchioles divide into
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respiratory bronchioles
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respiratory bronchioles feed into
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alveolar ducts
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alveolar ducts terminate in
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alveolar sacs
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the entire branching structure of the airways is called
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respiratory tree
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conducting zone
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nose to terminal bronchioles, no gas exchange
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the volume of air contained in the airways of the conducting zone
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anatomic dead space
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the respiratory zone
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respiratory bronchioles to alveoli, gas exchange
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where gas exchange ocurrs
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alveoli
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these surround alveoli
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pulmonary capillaries
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major muscle of inspiration
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diaphragm
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this separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity
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diaphragm
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innervation of diaphragm is by
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phrenic nerves (from C3-C5)
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these are inspiratory muscles besides the diaphragm
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external intercostals
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most important muscles of expiration
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abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis internal and external oblique muscles transverse abdominis |
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these are also expiration muscles besides the abdominal muscles
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internal intercostals
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where is the parietal pleura
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outside layer, lines cavities
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where is the visceral pleura?
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layer on lungs
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names of the left lobes of the lungs
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superior and inferior
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names of the right lobes of the lungs
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superior, middle, and inferior
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food pipe
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esophagus
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the trachea is lined with this
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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mucus secreting cells among the cells lining the trachea
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goblet cells
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located in the submucosa, just beneath the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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sermucous glands
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the wall of the trachea contains this type of cartilage
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C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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open portions of the C-shaped rings are connected by smooth muscle cells that form
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trachealis muscle
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the alveolus is lined with this type of cell
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simple squamous epithelium
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the surfactant secreting cell
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type II
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the organs of the GI tract
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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the accessory digestive organs include
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teeth, tongue, digestive glands
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the roof of the mouth consists of
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soft palate and hard palate
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the extension off the soft palate
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uvula
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during swallowing, the soft palate ___________ to close off the __________ so food doesn't come out of your nose
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raises
nasopharynx |
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these are located on each side of the tongue in the posterior portion of the oral cavity
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palatine tonsils
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this tonsil is located at the base of the tongue
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lingual tonsil
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the product of salivary glands
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saliva
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from the pharynx to the stomach
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esophagus
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the point where the esophagus joins the stomach is called the __________ which is surrounded by the _________
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cardiac orifice
cardiac sphincter |
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superior part of the stomach is called this
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fundus
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the inferior part of the body of the stomach is called this
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pyloric region
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at the end of the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
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ridges inside the stomach
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rugae
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this structure covers the small intestine and most abdominal organs
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greater omentum
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layers of a tooth
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pulp cavity, dentin, enamel, gingiva
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name the four different types of teeth
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incisor
cuspid (canine) bicuspid (premolar) tricuspid (molar) |
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what are deciduous teeth
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baby teeth, form at 6-8 months old, primary teeth
(20 of these teeth with no bicuspid teeth and only 2 molars) |
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baby teeth or primary teeth are called this
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deciduous teeth
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deciduous teeth are replaced by
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permanent teeth, begin at age 7
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name the four lobes of the liver
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right lobe
left lobe caudate lobe quadrate lobe |
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role of the liver
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produce bile
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where bile leaves the liver
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common hepatic duct
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where bile enters the duodenum
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common bile duct
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what does the gall blatter do
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store bile
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when digestion is not occurring, bile flows from the common hepatic duct to the _______ via the _________
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gall blatter
cystic duct |
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artery of the liver
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hepatic artery
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blood enters liver through the _______, blood leaves the liver through __________
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hepatic portal vein
hepatic veins |
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hepatic duct + cystic duct =
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common bile duct
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this produces most of the digestive enzymes
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pancreas
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in pancreas, this forms with the common bile duct as it enters the duodenum
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pancreatic duct
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organ that is posterior and left to the stomach, produces lymphocytes, filters blood, destroys old RBC's
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spleen
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job of the sleen
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produces lymphocytes, filters blood, destroys old RBC's
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falciform ligament
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separates the right and left lobes of the liver
|
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separates the right and left lobes of the liver
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falciform ligament
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tidal volume
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volume of air that is moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing
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volume of air that is moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing
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tidal volume
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ventilation
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movement of air into and out of the lungs
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movement of air into and out of the lungs
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ventilation
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hyperventilation
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CO2 is too low
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when CO2 is too low, this happens
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hyperventilate
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hypoventilation
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CO2 is too high
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when CO2 is too high, this happens
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hypoventilation
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hyprecapnia
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reduction of CO2, CO2 is too high
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hypocapnia
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increase of CO2, CO2 is too low
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name the 2 types of chemoreceptors
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peripheral and central
(aortic arch and carotid sinus, along with medulla) |
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breathing rate is also known as
|
frequency
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what is the break point
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point where subject can't hold breath any longer
|
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heart rate ________ during inspiration and _________ during expiration
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increases
decreases |
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what is an enlarged thyroid gland called
|
goiter
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what is a goiter
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an enlarged thyroid gland
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in the trachea slide, what is the layer underneath the epithelium
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submucosa
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what is the muscle at the top of the trachea slide
|
trachealis muscle
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