Bio211 Lecture 1, Chapter 1

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Microorganisms

Back 1

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Front 2

pathogenic

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disease-causing

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What do microbes decompose?

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Organic waste

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Few microbes are

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pathogenic

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Microbes are producers in the ecosystem by

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photosynthesis

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Microbes produce industrial chemicals such as

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ethanol and acetone

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Microbes produce fermented foods such as

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vinegar, cheese and bread

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Microbes produce products used in

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manufacturing (cellulase) and treatment (insulin)

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Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to...

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Prevent food spoilage & prevent disease occurrance

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Knowledge of microorganisms led to...

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aseptic techniques

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aseptic techniques

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prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories

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Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

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Linnaeus

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What are the 2 names that each organism has?

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the Genus and specific epithet

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Scientific names are ____ or ____

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italicized or underlined

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In scientific names, the _______ is capitalized and the ___________ is lower case.

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Genus, specific epithet.

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Scientific names are _____ and used worldwide

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Latinized

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Scientific names may be ______ or honor a scientist.

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descriptive

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Epithet

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A word in the scientific name of an animal or plant following the name of the genus and denoting a species, variety, or other division of the genus, as sativa in Lactuca sativa.

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What are the 7 types of microorganisms?

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Bacteria

Archaea

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Viruses

Multicellular animal parasites

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Bacteria Characteristics

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Prokaryotes

Peptidoglycan cell walls

Binary fission

For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

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Archaea Characteristics

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Prokaryotic

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extreme environments

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List the 3 type of archaea and where they are found:

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Methanogens (in cow rumen)

Extreme halophiles (Dead Sea)

Extreme thermophiles

(deep hydrothermal vents)

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Fungi Characteristics:

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Eukaryotes

Chitin cell walls

Use organic chemicals for energy

consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

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Are yeasts unicellular/multicellular?

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unicellular

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Are Molds and mushrooms unicellular/multicellular?

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multicellular

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Protozoa Characteristics

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Eukaryotes

Absorb or ingest
organic chemicals

May be motile via pseudopods, cilia,
or flagella

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Algae Characteristics

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Eukaryotes

Cellulose cell walls

Use photosynthesis for energy

Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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Viruses are replicated only when they are in a...

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living host cell (obligate parasites)

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Virus Characteristics

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Acellular

Consist of DNA or RNA

Core is surrounded by a protein coat

Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

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Multicellular Animal Parasites Characteristics

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Eukaryotes

Multicellular animals

Microscopic stages in life cycles.

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Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called ...

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helminths

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What are the 3 domains of microorganisms?

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Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya

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What 4 groups are a part of the Eukarya domain?

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Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

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Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth around...

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4 billion years ago

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Around 2.8 billion yrs ago bacteria changed the atmosphere of the earth from...

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anaerobic to aerobic

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The first microbes were observed in

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1673

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Robert Hooke (1665)

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reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells

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Rudolf Virchow (1858)

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said cells arise from preexisting cells

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Cell Theory

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All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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In 1673-1723...

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms

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Robert Hooke observed microorganisms first, but they were...

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"blurred"

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Spontaneous Generation

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The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

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Biogenesis

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The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

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1861: Louis Pasteur

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demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

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Pasteur's S-shaped flask did?

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kept microbes out but let air in

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1857–1914 was known as ?

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THe Golden Age of Microbiology

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discoveries included in the golden age of microbiology were...

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the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

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Pasteur also discovered that microbes are responsible for...

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fermentation

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Fermentation

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conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine

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Pasteur also discovered a way to kill the bacteria but preserve wine, called...

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Pasteurization

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Pasteurization

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the application of a high heat for a short time

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Pasteurization Procedures:

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145°F (63°C) for 30 min

OR 160°F (71°C) for 15 sec

Both followed by rapid cooling to below 10°C

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1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

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advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

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1860s, Joseph Lister

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used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

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1876: Robert Koch

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proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided Koch’s postulates.

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Koch’s postulates

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The experimental steps needed to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

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1796, Edward Jenner

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inoculation with cowpox virus gave protection - immunity - from smallpox

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Vaccination derives for vacca, meaning:

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cow

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Chemotherapy

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Treatment with chemicals

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Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be...

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synthetic drugs or antibiotics

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Antibiotics

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chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

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Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat ...

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malaria

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1910: Ehrlich

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developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

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In the 1930s, what drug was synthesized?

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Sulfonamides

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Who discovered the first antibiotic?

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1928: Alexander

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Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an ...

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antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

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1940s: Penicillin was ...

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Tested clinically and mass produced

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Bacteriology

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the study of bacteria

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Mycology

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the study of fungi

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Virology

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the study of viruses

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Parasitology

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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

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Immunology

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the study of immunity.

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MIcrobial Genetics

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The study of how microbes inherit traits

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Molecular Biology

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The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

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Genomics

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The study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

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Recombinant DNA

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DNA made from two different sources.

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What are examples of microbial ecology?

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Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

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Bioremediation

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Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

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Biological Insecticides

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Microbes used as chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

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Biotechnology

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the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old

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Recombinant DNA technology

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a new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

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gene therapy

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Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced

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Normal Microbiota

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Microbes normally present in and on the human body

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Normal microbiota prevent growth of...

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pathogens

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REsistance

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the ability of the body to ward off disease

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Resistance factors include

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skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

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Biofilms

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Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical devices (e.g., catheters, implants)

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Infectious Disease

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Disease results when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance

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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs):

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New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

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MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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1950s: Penicillin resistance developed

1980s: Methicillin resistance

1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

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Caused by a prion

Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

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Escherichia coli O157:H7

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Toxin-producing strain of E. coli

First seen in 1982

Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide

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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

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Ebola virus

Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting

First identified near Ebola River, Congo

Outbreaks every few years

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Cryptosporidiosis

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Cryptosporidium protozoa

First reported in 1976

Causes 30% of diarrheal illness
in developing countries

In the United States, transmitted via water

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

First identified in 1981

Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 14,000 new infections every day

Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females

HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 30% are female, and 75% are African American