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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fungi's nutrition
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heterotrophs, cannot make their own food like plants and algae
but do not eat their foods like animals absorb nutrients from surrounds by secreting enzymes decompose nonliving organisms some pathogenic fungi/termite --> mutualistic fungi |
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fungal body structure
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multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)
yeasts inhabit moist environments |
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hyphae
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network of tiny filaments
tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells |
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fungi cell walls
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strenghtend by chitin (cellulose in plants)
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mycelium
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interwoven mass made my hypae
infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds maximizes its surface A to V ratio making feeding more efficient |
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how does fungi concentrate its energy?
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it concentrates more on adding hyphal length than depth
it cannot move so it extends its tips into unoccupied territory |
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septa
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divdes the hyphae
pores are large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow through |
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coenocytic fungi
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fungi that lack septa; cotinuous cytoplasmic mass having many nuclei
resulted from no cytokinesis |
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haustoria
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specilized hyphae- used to extract/exchange nutrients with their host
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mycorrhizae
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fungal root; mutual beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
improve delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants |
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ectomycorrhizal fungi
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form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
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arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
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pheromones
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begins sexual reproduction when hypahe from two mycelia release sexual signaling molecules
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plasmogamy
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union of cytoplams of two parent mycelia
the nuclei do not fuse right away |
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"compatibility test" in reproduction
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contributes to genetic variation because it does not allow hyphaes with homologous chromosomes to fuse
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heterokaryon
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"different nuclei"
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dikaryotic
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"two nuclei"
different from diploidy because there are two separate haploid cells instead of one nucleius with two pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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karyogamy
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haploid cells fuse to produce diploid cells (zygote, 2n)
meiosis then restores the hapoid condition and forms spores extensive genetic variation --> natural selection --> compensate for harmful mutations |
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molds
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reproduce asexually by growing filaments that produce spores by mitosis
form visible mycelia (at home) grows rapidly and produces many spores "bud cells" off a parent cell |
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deuteromycetes
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fungi with no known sexual stage
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in terms of haploidy vs diploidy, how do the life cycles of humans and fungi differ?
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most of fungal life is haploid and most of human life cycles is diploid
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origin of fungi
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unicellular flagellated ancestor
chytrids and other fungi chytrids had flagella, fungi must have lost their flagella along the way |
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microsporidia
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used to control insect pests
risk to people with AIDS taxonomic mystery-- no mitochondria but eukaryotes? |
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chytrids
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unikonts, opisthokonts, fungi
zoospores - flagellated spores |
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zygomycetes
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haploid: plasmogamy --> heterokaryotic: karyogamy --> diploid: meiosis --> haploid again
karyogamy and meiosis occur in zygosporangium asexually reproduce through sporangia |
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glomeromycetes
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tips of hyphae push into plant root cells branch into tiny treelike structures known as arbuscules
90% of all plant species are mutualistic with gloeromycetes |
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ascomycetes
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sac fungi - production of sexual spores in saclike asci
ascocarps - fruiting bodies conidia - asexual haploid spores |
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basidiomycetes
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basidium - where karyogamny occurs
club fungus basidiocarps - fruiting bodies |
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give different examples of how form fits function in zygomycetes.
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zygosporangium can withstand harsh conditions and go through karyogamy and meiosis when favorable for reproduction
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give different examples of how form fits function in glomermycetes
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hyphae have a specialized morphology that enables the fungi to form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant rooms
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give different examples of how form fits function in ascomycetes
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asexual spores (conidia) are often produced in chians or clusters at the tipds of conidiophores where there are easily dispersed by the wind
cup-shaped ascocarps house the sexual spore forming asci |
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give different examples of how form fits function in basidiomycetes
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supports and protects a large surface area of basidia from which spores are dispersed
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fungi as decomposers
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decompose carbon, nitrogen, and other elements that are tied up in organic matter
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fungus-plant mutualisms
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endophytes- fungi that live insdie leaves or other plants without causing harm
benefits certain plants by making toxins that increase plants' tolerance |
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fungus-animal symbioses
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share digestive serivces with aniamls
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lichen
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soredia - small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
fungi provides a suitable environment for growth, retention of water and minerals, protection from intense sunlight, and protection from being eaten |
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fungi as pathogens
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fungi's ability to grown rapidly in a favorable new environment enables them to capitalize on the host's resources
mycosis - fungal infection |
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practical uses of fungi
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colonization of land plants might have been more difficult without fungi
natural selection might have favored plants that formed more highly divided and extensive root systems (in part replaing mycorrhizae) |