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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which type of plants use....
calvin cycle photorespiration AND calvin cycle |
all types of plants use the calvin cycle but C4 and CAM plants ONLY use the calvin cycle
c3 plants use the calvin cycle AND photorespiration |
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how do C4 and CAM plants go through the calvin cycle?
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1) Pepcarboxylase and CO2 are combined with the help of enzyme pepcarboxylase and Malate is produced (4C backbone) along with O2 (biproduct)
2) Malate carries CO2 to the vascular bundle so CO2 levels rise and the Calvin Cycle can take place instead of photorespiration |
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where does the calvin cycle take place in C4 and CAM plants
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in the vascular bundle (aka bundle sheath) of the mesophyll
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why do c3 plants experience both photorespiration and the calvin cycle
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b/c rubisco (the enzyme used in the calvin cycle) combines RUBP with either CO2 OR O2--- if it is combined with CO2 the calvin cycle takes place if it combines with O2 photorespiration happens
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why is photorespiration unproductive
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b/c it only makes ONE PGAL instead of two (the other thing produced only has a two carbon backbone)
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what two things are produced in photorespiration
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PGA and Glycolate
PGA- C3H6O3 Glycolage- C2H4O2 ((unusable)) |
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when does photorespiration happen
when does the calvin happen |
photorespiration happens when O2 levels are high (stomatas are closed)
calvin cycle happens when the CO2 levels are high (stomatas are open) |
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what things are used to power the calvin cycle
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CO2
3ATP 2NADPH RUBP Rubisco |
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what things are made from the calvin cycle (but not necessarily released for plant use)
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2PGA
RUBP 2PGAL ADP NADP+ |
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After how many cycles does the calvin cycle produce on releasable PGAL
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3
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After how many cycles does the calvin cycle produce one glucose
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6
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why do only 1 out of 6 PGAL's made from the calvin cycle get released for the plant to use?
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because most of the products of the calvin cycle are cycled back to power the calvin cycle-- after 3 cycles the plant ends up with one extra PGAL which is released
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what are the steps for the calvin cycle
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1) Rubisco (enzyme) attaches CO2 to RUBP to create an unstable 6 carbon compound
2) The unstable 6 C compound breaks down into 2 PGA 3) ATP reduces PGA and NADPH adds a phosphate group to PGA and now the two PGA's are energized and become PGAL |
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what two things have to happen to two PGAs during the calvin cycle in order for them to become PGAL
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1) it must get phosphorylated by NADPH (and the NADPH will become NADP)
2) it must be reduced by ATP by acquiring electrons from ATP |
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what is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum
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gamma
xray UV visible infrared microwaves radio waves |
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what kind of plants are CAM and C4 plants
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plants that live in dry and hot weather are CAM plants
C4 plants are like grass most plants on earth are C3 plants (80%) |
