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55 Cards in this Set
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Evolution
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alterations in the organism’s genotype (by mutation) which result in slight changes in the organism’s phenotype
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Scala Natura
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ladder of nature
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Charles Darwin
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most associated with “theory” of evolution
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Alfred Wallace
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living things were not “immutable” but could change and even evolve into new species
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Jean Lamarck
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environmental pressure and internal needs could bring about characteristics in a process called Evolution by “Acquired” Characteristics
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Acquired Characteristics
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permanent structural or functional changes in an animal or plant due to their environmental pressures and internal needs
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Microevolution
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Evolution which results in new varieties of the same species
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Mutation
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a change in gene frequency
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2 factors necessary for Evolution
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mutation and environment that favors the mutation
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Natural Selection
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a process where features or traits which impart a survival advantage are selected by the environment, Darwin’s theory
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Competitive Advantage
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those who can survive and reproduce to pass on desireable traits to their offspring as a result of differences in phenotypes.
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Adaptation
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variation in certain features (structural, morphological, physiological, behavioral)
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Cambrian Explosion
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a mutation that occurred 540 million years ago resulting in an entirely new gene so that the animal possessing it contained a new protein in which bonded “loosely” with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Stabilizing Selection
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Selection pressure which favors the intermediate form of gene trait and eliminates the extremes
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Disruptive Selection
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Natural selection which favors the extremes and not the intermediate forms
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Directional Selection
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Selection that changes the frequency of an allele in a constant direction, either toward or away from fixation for that allele.
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Sexual Selection
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a trait possessed by the most “fit” individual that made it most “attractive” to the opposite sex
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Niche
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where a living thing is found and what it does there
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Gene Flow
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Flow of genetic information within and between species, transfer of genes from one population to another
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in gene frequencies caused by separation of a small group from a larger population
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Reproductive Isolation
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a process where speciation occurs and breeding cannot occur as a result of the sub-population evolving through enough genetic change
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Founder Effect
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Genetic differences between populations, genetically different individuals established the populations
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None
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Bottleneck Effect
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a form of genetic drift that occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size.
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None
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Gene Pool
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all the genes in a breeding population
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Speciation
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The development of one or more species from an existing species.
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Allopatric Speciation
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The type of speciation that occurs when a sub-population is physically separated from the parent population
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Sympatric Speciation
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Speciation that occurs when there are no physical barriers
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Divergence
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Evolutionary process that increases differences in initially similar organisms
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Adaptive Radiation
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process where one species gives rise to many species
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Gradualism
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Darwin’s belief where evolution occurred at slow, steady rate
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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belief that evolution can occur in rapid bursts
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Anagenesis
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The evolution that occurs within a branch
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Cladogenesis
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evolution resulting from splits or divergences of branches
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Cladistics
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determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. It forms the basis for most modern systems of classification, which seek to group organisms by evolutionary relationships
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Phylogeny
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evolutionary relationship between organisms
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Extinction
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the ceasing of existence of a species or group of taxons
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Extinction Event
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when the line or branch of a species suddenly terminates
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K-T Extinction
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a period of massive extinction of species, about 65.5 million years ago. corresponds to the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the Tertiary Period.
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“Big Dying”
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95% of all species became extinct at the end of the Permian Period
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Macroevolution
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The process of identifying and sorting out the many lines of descent that connect all species
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Fossil Record
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the totality of artifacts and their placement in rock formations
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Homology
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This similarity between one or more body parts in different animals that descent from a common ancestor
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Analogy/Analogous
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Unrelated structures which serve the same purpose and/or look related
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Morphological Divergence
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process in homology where the structure modifies and, under different environmental selection pressures, evolves into something (wing, flipper, etc.)
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Morphological Convergence
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the evolution of basically dissimilar structures to serve a common function.
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Molecular Clocks
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process where the rate at which mutations occur within DNA, are used to determine when certain evolutionary events occurred
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Mitochondrial Eve
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determination where the likely point of origin of humans was one woman from East, central Africa
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Hox Genes
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groups of genes that occurred in an evolutionary jump from similar, related species to an entirely different class of organism as a result of repetitive mutations
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Evo-Devo
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a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved
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Biodiversity
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Number and variety of living organisms; includes genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity.
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Age of Earth
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4.55 billion years old
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None
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First Life
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bacteria-like life identified in rocks from 3.5 billion years ago
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Stromatolites
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Photosynthesizing - O2 releasing cells that appeared in fossils approx. 3.5 billion years ago as filamentous cyanobacteria, pumped large quantities of O2 into the atmosphere
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Teleology
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the supposition that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and the philosophical study of that purpose.
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Intelligent Design
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certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent designer, rather than an undirected process such as natural selection.
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