Bio Test 3

Front 1

Mendel concluded that each pea has___ for each trait, and each gamete contains___.

Back 1

two units, one unit

Front 2

Although he did not realize it, Mendel concluded that each pea units for each trait. Mendel's "units" are now referred to as___, and with his law of segregation he discovered___.

Back 2

genes, equational division

Front 3

Peas were a good organism of choice for Mendel because?

Back 3

he could study one trait at a time

Front 4

The region of the chromosome occupied by a gene is called a locus. T/F?

Back 4

True

Front 5

Recessive characteristics like hemophilia occur on the___, and therefore show up___.

Back 5

"x" chromosome, more often in males

Front 6

Mendel's paper on inheritance did not include:

Back 6

principle of unit isolation

Front 7

A recessive gene is one___?

Back 7

whose effect is masked by a dominant allele

Front 8

Which of the following statements is false?

Back 8

matings between individuals with dominant phenotypes cannot produce offspring with recessive phenotypes

Front 9

If, in a heterozygous individual, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is___?

Back 9

Dominant

Front 10

The physical manifestation of an organism's genes is its___?

Back 10

phenotype

Front 11

A cross produced 915 offspring with normal pigment and 310 with albinism. Conclusion?

Back 11

both parents were heterozygous

Front 12

If we cross two pea plants each heterozygous for yellow seed color genes, the expected ratio of yellow: green among the offspring will be___?

Back 12

100% yellow

Front 13

What type of allele produces its effects only in homozygous individuals?

Back 13

recessive

Front 14

When two alleles of a gene move into different gametes, this demonstrates?

Back 14

segregation

Front 15

Genetic information flows from:

Back 15

genes--->mRNA--->protein--->phenotype

Front 16

Mendel's law of Segregation states that?

Back 16

members of a pair of alleles move away from each other during gamete formation

Front 17

When Mendel used true-breeding white flowers and true-breeding purple flowers as the parental generation, he obtained which of the following results?

Back 17

all the offspring had purple flowers

Front 18

The results of a test cross reveal that all the offspring resemble the parent being tested. This parent must be?

Back 18

homozygous

Front 19

A Mendelian test cross is used to determine whether___?

Back 19

an individual is homozygous or heterozygous

Front 20

Considering only independent assortment of chromosomes, an animal with 20 pairs of chromosomes could make___ different sex cells.

Back 20

2^20

Front 21

To make the genotype of an individual, it must be test crossed with a ___.

Back 21

homozygous recessive individual

Front 22

The physical expression of characteristics are referred to as ___, while the genetic makeup is referred to as ___.

Back 22

phenotype, genotype

Front 23

What is the genotype of a dominant individual if some of its offspring show the recessive phenotype?

Back 23

Dd

Front 24

Many different genotypes intermediate to their parents, like intelligence and height, would most likely be controlled by ___?

Back 24

multiple gene effects

Front 25

A mono-hybrid cross will usually result in ___ phenotypes and ___ genotypes if both parents are heterozygous.

Back 25

2,3

Front 26

Classical albinism results from a recessive allele. Which of the following is the expected offspring from a normally pigmented male with an albino father and albino wife?

Back 26

50% normal, 50% albino

Front 27

If two parents are carriers of albinism (an autosomal recessive trait), what is the chance that their fourth child will have a homozygous genotype?

Back 27

50%

Front 28

A mutation in the DNA occurs such that adenine is substituted by guanine. This would be called a ___ mutation.

Back 28

point

Front 29

A gene that has many different copies in a chromosome would be an example of ___, while a loss of a gene would be an example of ___.

Back 29

duplication, deletion

Front 30

Because alleles have been selected for over long periods of time which of the following is the most correct statement about mutations?

Back 30

about one in a thousand beneficial

Front 31

The independent inheritance of two or more distinct traits is called segregation. T/F?

Back 31

False

Front 32

What is a physical requirement in order for independent assortment of alleles for two different genes to occur?

Back 32

genes must be on different chromosomes

Front 33

Where in cell division does the actual process of independent assortment of alleles occur?

Back 33

metaphase I

Front 34

Homologous pairs of synapsed chromosomes align randomly along the metaphase plate during ____?

Back 34

metaphase II

Front 35

When two loci are on the same chromosome the phenotypes of the progeny sometimes do not follow the law of independent assortment because they are ___?

Back 35

linkage

Front 36

Which of the following is true of genes that are found near each other on the same chromosome?

Back 36

-they tend to be inherited together
-they are linked

Front 37

When genes are linked, the reason that a few recombinant genotypes still occur in the offspring is because of ____?

Back 37

crossing over

Front 38

Evolution is best understood by changes in gene/allele frequencies of ___?

Back 38

populations

Front 39

What would be true if linkage of two genes were complete (very close together)?

Back 39

Crossing over between the two genes would never occur

Front 40

Humans possess ___?

Back 40

1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

Front 41

A human sperm cell receives autosomes and ___?

Back 41

either an X or a Y chromosome

Front 42

In humans, the sex of the offspring is determined by the ___?

Back 42

sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell

Front 43

A female fruit fly whose male parent has white eyes ___?

Back 43

must have a gene for white eyes

Front 44

A, B, & O characters would be an example of ___?

Back 44

multiple allele characters

Front 45

Traits controlled by sex-linked recessive genes are expressed more often in males because ___?

Back 45

the male has only one gene for the trait

Front 46

A recessive allele on the X chromosome causes colorblindness. A non-colorblind woman (whose father is colorblind) marries a colorblind man. What is the chance their son will be colorblind?

Back 46

50%

Front 47

Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive gene causing a blood disorder. What are the chances that the daughter of a normal man and a heterozygous woman will have hemophilia?

Back 47

0% chance
(50% if a boy)

Front 48

All of the characters that Mendel chose were ___ , ___, and ___.

Back 48

dominant, recessive, not linked

Front 49

If two plants are crossed, one white flowered and the other red flowered, and some of the F1 flowers were pink, this is an example of ___?

Back 49

codominance

Front 50

Color blindness is more common in men than in women because ___?

Back 50

men have only one X chromosome

Front 51

Why would you predict that half of the human babies born will be males and half will be females?

Back 51

-because of the segregation of the X and Y chromosomes during male meiosis
-because all eggs contain an X chromosome

Front 52

An individual who is a "carrier" for a sex-linked trait like hemophilia ___.

Back 52

-is always female
-is heterozygous for recessive condition
-shows the dominant phenotype
-can pass the gene on to his/her daughters

Front 53

Hemophilia is a genetic disease that has plagued the royal houses of Europe since the time of Queen Victoria, who was a carrier. How had the Queen become a carrier since there had never been hemophilia in her background?

Back 53

an allele mutated in a gamete forming her

Front 54

A type of muscular dystrophy show sex-linked recessive inheritance. Affected persons usually die by the age of 15-20. Suppose that a boy with the disease lives long enough to marry a woman heterozygous for the trait. If they have a son, what is the probability that he will have the disease?

Back 54

50%

Front 55

Mendel discovered reduction division when he discovered the Principle of ____.

Back 55

segregation

Front 56

Only males can express sex-linked traits.T/F?

Back 56

false

Front 57

Males always inherit sex-linked traits from their fathers. T/F?

Back 57

false

Front 58

Sex-linked traits affect only sexual characteristics.T/F?

Back 58

false

Front 59

In humans there are 22 pairs of ____ and one pair of ____.

Back 59

autosomes, sex chromosomes

Front 60

Blood typing is often used as evidence in paternity cases in court. In one case, the mother had blood type B and the child had blood type O. Which of the following blood types could the father NOT have?

Back 60

AB

Front 61

In Mendel's experiments, if the gene for tall (T) plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short (t) plants, what would be the result of crossing two Tt plants?

Back 61

25% tall; 50% intermediate; 25% short

Front 62

The intense selection for average sized snake eggs is an example of ____ selection.

Back 62

stabilizing

Front 63

Nondysjunction of chromosomes occurs in all species but has little effect except with the ___.

Back 63

autosomes

Front 64

A genetic disease due to the lack of clotting factor is ___?

Back 64

Hemophilia

Front 65

Human skin color is the result of ___?

Back 65

polygenic inheritance

Front 66

If an individual who is homozygous for type B blood marries a heterozygous type A individual, what is the chance that their first child will have type AB blood?

Back 66

50%

Front 67

Studies show the greatest similarity on IQ test scores is between ___?

Back 67

identical twins raised in the same environment

Front 68

In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, and the two homozygous individuals are red or white. When a red flowered plant is crossed with a white flowered plant, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers?

Back 68

100%

Front 69

In human blood types the alleles for A and B are said to be ___ because they are both expressed.

Back 69

co-dominant

Front 70

The blood types of humans are an example of ___?

Back 70

multiple alleles

Front 71

The resulting pink flowers which occur after crossing red and white snapdragons is most likely a result of ___.

Back 71

incomplete dominance

Front 72

Human females who receive sex-linked genes always express them. T/F?

Back 72

false

Front 73

A female who is heterozygous for a recessive, sex-linked character is a carrier for that character. T/F?

Back 73

true

Front 74

Klinefelter syndrome is ___.

Back 74

sex chromosomal nondisjunction

Front 75

A sex-linked recessive condition resulting in abnormally excessive bleeding is ___?

Back 75

hemophilia

Front 76

A disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome 21 resulting in a trisomy 21 child is___?

Back 76

down syndrome

Front 77

A sex-linked recessive condition causing abnormal color vision is called ___?

Back 77

red-green colorblindness

Front 78

The failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during meiosis is called___?

Back 78

nondisjunction

Front 79

Which disorder is characterized by short females with webbed necks, being less fertile, and sometimes lower intelligence?

Back 79

turner syndrome

Front 80

Which disorder is characterized by the individual having a abnormal number of sex chromosomes?

Back 80

down syndrome

Front 81

Which disorder is characterized by an abnormal number of autosomes?

Back 81

down syndrome

Front 82

Among mothers over 40 years old, which disorder is the most common chromosome abnormality among newborns?

Back 82

down syndrome

Front 83

Red-green colorblindness is ____.

Back 83

sex-linked recessive

Front 84

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by____?

Back 84

recessive autosomal in all cells

Front 85

Turner syndrome is ____?

Back 85

sex chromosomal nondisjunction of the "X" chromosome

Front 86

One of the best examples of artificial selection would be found in ___.

Back 86

dogs

Front 87

Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are isolated from one another by ____ isolation, while horses and donkeys are isolated by____.

Back 87

behavioral, genetic

Front 88

If two different alleles are present in the organism, it is referred to as being ___?

Back 88

heterozygous

Front 89

Populations that usually grow exponentially are usually limited by ___.

Back 89

-food
-predators
-disease
-shortage of space

Front 90

For severe selection to occur environmental resources must become limiting. T/F?

Back 90

true

Front 91

During a storm a small flock of sparrows were driven out to sea. The establishment of a new population of birds on an island where none had previously existed is an example of ____.

Back 91

founder's effect

Front 92

The migration of Spanish alleles in the Indian population would have had a ____ genetic effect on the native population?

Back 92

little

Front 93

When a few individuals of a species survive a natural catastrophe such as a fire by chance or luck, change in allelic frequencies in surviving population is referred to as

Back 93

evolutionary bottleneck

Front 94

The horse and camel arose in ____, while the elephant arose in ____.

Back 94

north america, asia

Front 95

Vestigial characters, like the appendix or poorly formed hindlimbs on some snakes, are characters that were in ones ancestors but have now lost their function. T/F?

Back 95

true

Front 96

The corn, squash, tomatoes, and many peppers arose in ____, while the wheat arose in ____.

Back 96

north america, south america

Front 97

Klinefelder's or Turner's syndrome are examples of ___.

Back 97

aneupolyploids

Front 98

The Irish population exploded during 1840's because of the introduction to the ____ and crashed because of ____.

Back 98

potato, potato fungus

Front 99

Mallard and Pintail ducks are examples of true species that are reproductively isolated by

Back 99

behavioral isolation

Front 100

Genetic differences arise and bring about new species which no longer breed with each other because gene frequencies in populations change over time under the influence of ____.

Back 100

genetic drift

Front 101

Historically, genetic disorders have been treated by addressing the biological events that result from the genetic mutation, but now the disorder is treated by inserting or integrating new genes into human cell. T/F?

Back 101

true

Front 102

Two broad categories therapy would include___?

Back 102

-germ line gene therapy
-somatic cell gene therapy

Front 103

The alteration of non-reproductive body cells would be called___?

Back 103

somatic cell gene therapy

Front 104

The resulting genetic changes will be passed on to the patient's offspring only in___?

Back 104

germ-line gene therapy

Front 105

A vector is simply a "transporter" for the genetic material that allows it to enter the target cell. T/F?

Back 105

true

Front 106

Which of the following would not be used as a vector?

Back 106

proteins

Front 107

Which of the following allows the vector to penetrate the cell?

Back 107

protein outer protective viral coat

Front 108

The type of cell that a given virus will infect is determined by the

Back 108

protein outer protective viral coat

Front 109

When scientists retain the outer viral coat, but modify the inner genetic material which of the following is true?

Back 109

-they remove the harmful genes and replace them with therapeutic ones
-now the virus is pathogenically disabled and incapable of reproducing itself
- it retains its capability to transfer its genetic material to the cells for which its outer coat

Front 110

The transfer of genetic material by way of a viral vector is called___?

Back 110

transduction

Front 111

Retroviruses tend___.

Back 111

-not to be very harmful to the cell
-are safer than viral vectors that are deactivated
-most retroviruses target actively dividing cells
-are ideal for the treatment of rapidly dividing tumor cells

Front 112

The correct order of events for introducing genetic info into a tumor cell would be___?

Back 112

5,6,1,2,3,4,
5) virus particles containing a novel gene are incubated with mouse cells in a dish, 6)the virus particles infect the mouse cells, 1)the mouse cells become virus producer cells, 2)producer cells are injected directly into the tumor, 3)viruses released by producer cells invade rapidly-dividing tumor cells but ignore surrounding brain cells, 4)virus particles cause infected tumor and producer cells to construct a protein that makes them vulnerable to destruction

Front 113

Adenoviral vectors send their DNA to the nucleus, but the DNA does not get incorporated into the host cell's chromosomes. T/F?

Back 113

true

Front 114

Because the viral adenovirus RNA has a finite lifetime within the cell before it is degraded, the added genes are effective only temporarily treatments needs to be repeated periodically. T/F?

Back 114

true

Front 115

Small, hollow spheres of fatty molecules that are capable of carrying DNA inside of them and can fuse with the cell membrane, releasing its contents into the cell interior are called____?

Back 115

liposomes

Front 116

Principal ways in which vectors can be administered to carry new genes into target cells___?

Back 116

-ex vivo somatic gene
-in situ gene therapy
-ex vivo somatic gene

Front 117

The technique used in cloning Dolly, and also possibly cloning a mammoth, is called a nuclear transfer technology. T/F?

Back 117

true

Front 118

The correct order of events for introducing genetic info from one kind of sheep into a different kind of sheep would be____?

Back 118

5,6,1,2,3,4
5)epithelial cells are plucked from the udder of a white faced ewe 6)an egg from the same species, black faced ewe, is removed and its nucleus removed, 1)the udder cell and empty egg are placed together and fused, 2)this combines the nucleus and egg cytoplasm together,3) then the blastula is implanted into the uterus of a blackface ewe 4)the result of this is a duplicate of the donor organism

Front 119

Because the recipient egg has MRNA and many organelles in its cytoplasm unfamiliar to teh introduced nucleus, the clone may be slightly different from the donor. T/F?

Back 119

true

Front 120

The two little miracles were caused by___.

Back 120

random combinations of sex cells

Front 121

Like other scientists of their time, Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin did not understand which of the following?

Back 121

inheritance

Front 122

As the Romantic Period of thought died, the Agnostic Period arose. About what year was this?

Back 122

1905

Front 123

Which one of the following scientist did not re-discover the scientific paper on genetics by Mendel?

Back 123

Hutton

Front 124

Who proposed concept of natural selection, didn't understand genetics, and proposed his own theory of pangenesis?

Back 124

Darwin

Front 125

Who, from his many observations realized that species change over time and also with geographical distance, rejected view species were created and remain unchanged, realized importance of artificial selection, but didn't see how it worked until he read Malthus' essay (1799) in 1838.

Back 125

Darwin

Front 126

Which of the following had an influence on Charles Darwin?

Back 126

-knowledge of biogeography
-Fossil Record and Comparative Anatomy
-Uniformitarianism
-Malthus' Essay on populations and breeding of domesticated animals-pigeons

Front 127

Basically the current view and the concept published in 1959 Origin of Species by Natural Selection states that "Animals and plants increase at a prolific rate, but do not over-run the earth, and since individuals are all different then only reproductively "fit" or best adapted survive to reproduce. Benjamin Franklin also held this view, but much earlier than Darwin. T/F?

Back 127

true

Front 128

After Mendel's work was discovered, arguments arose over the mechanism of evolution and Lyell and Darwin developed the mutation theory that proposed that mutation was more important than natural selection in explaining why organisms change. T/F?

Back 128

false

Front 129

NeoDarwinism or Modern Synthesis would not include which of the following aspects of factors known to operate on evolution of plants and animals.

Back 129

Lamarkianism

Front 130

A temporary pond is a very unstable environment. That such ponds today are similar to those in JURASSIC time could be explained by views of___.

Back 130

Lyell and Hutton

Front 131

Who predicted such events as the famine in the 1840s in Ireland where the introduction of a new food source for the Irish allowed their population to soar until along comes the potato blight?

Back 131

Malthus

Front 132

Which of the following individuals read Malthus' paper and also came up with the idea of natural selection, but did not get much credit for it?

Back 132

Wallace

Front 133

Anaximander (525 B.C.) who believed that organisms evolve through time and become different kinds of organisms and Empedocles (450 B.C.) tried to further the concept of one organism changing into another organism. Believed life from organic "muck". T/F?

Back 133

true

Front 134

Any debate on evolution in ancient Greece died with the rise of Christianity and the decline of science. T/F?

Back 134

true

Front 135

Bishop Ussher decided the earth was created 4004 BC and Buffon- proposed the earth was 70,000 years old, and that some species might change over time. Who disproved both of these views by using geologic evidence?

Back 135

Lyell and Hutton

Front 136

Breeding the F1 offspring back to one of the parents is referred to as___?

Back 136

introgression