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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 5 phases in Mitosis?
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1. interphase
2. prophase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase |
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what is asexual cellular division?
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Mitosis
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what are the 3 phases in Interphase?
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1. g1-> perform normal activities
2. s -> cell duplicates chromosomes;; DNA replication 3. G2-> protein synthesis & centriole production |
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once G2 is complete, what happens?
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cell enters mitosis aka M phase
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what happens in Prophase?
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-chromosomes condense into 2 -sister chromatids
-centrioles migrate to poles -nucleus disappear -spindle apparatus forms |
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what happens in metaphase?
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chromosomes get pulled by spindle apparatus to the equator of cell
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what happens in anaphase?
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sister chromatids get separated
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what happens during telophase?
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-nuclear membrane reforms
-chromosomes uncoil into chromatin -cleavage furrow forms |
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how does the cleave furrow form?
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forms from microtubules than span the cell & slowly tighten
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what is the result of telophase?
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cytokinesis
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what is ctyokinesis?
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division of the cytoplasm
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when is the cell cycle complete?
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at the end of cytokinesis
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what happens to the daughter cell after telophase?
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they re-enter Interphase
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what is Meiosis?
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method ensuring all possible combinations of genetic material can occur
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in MEIOSIS when does the synapses form?
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Prophase 1
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what do synapses form from & what do they do?
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synapses form from homologues--they allow crossing over to occur
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which phase of MEIOSIS do homologues separate?
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Anaphase 1
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what happens during interkinesis?
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no replication of DNA
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when do sister cells separate in MEIOSIS?
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Anaphase 2
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what spermatosgenesis?
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making of spermatozoa
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what is oogenesis?
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Making of ova
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if gametes contain same # of chromosomes as cell body, what would happen?
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the # of chromosomes would double with each generation
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who was Greg Mendell?
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scientist that studies inheritance in peas
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what are monohybrid crosses?
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crosses that involve only 1 trait
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what is P generation
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original parents
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what is the first generation of offspring called?
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F1 (stands for filial generation)
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how does inheritance able to occur?
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by MEISOS
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when fertilization occurs, the new organism will have?
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2 factors for each trait, 1 from each parent
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in genetic notation, how are alleles identified?
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by letters
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____ is able to mask the expression of another allele
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dominant
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what is genetic locus?
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location of a gene on a chromosome
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During MEIOSIS the homologous segregate then______?
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the chromotids separate
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when an organism has 2 identical alleles it is
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homozygous
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when an organism has 2 DIFFERENT alleles at gene locus, it is___
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Heterozygous
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when only 1allele is expressed in a heterozygous, it is?
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dominant allele
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what is genotype?
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alleles individual gets at fertilization
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what is phenotype?
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physical appearance
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when an allele is NOT expressed in heterozygous, it is?
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Recessive allele
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which would show the dominant phenotype of being tall?
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Homozygous dominant & heterozygous
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which would show the recessive phenotype & be short?
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homozygous recessive
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T/F
Inheritance depends on the genome & not individual alleles or even pairs |
TRUE
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Dominant & recessive are intended for?
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phenotype
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what is a dominant characteristics?
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seen in heterozygous F1
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what is a recessive characteristic?
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not seen in F1 generation
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what is incomplete dominance?
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a cross btwn organisms with 2 diff phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.
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if a red flower crossed with white it would make pink flowers. If these F1 plants self pollinate , what happens to their offspring?
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F2 generation has phenotypic ratio 1 red, 2 pink, 1 white
1:2:1 |
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what is co-dominance?
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full expression in a heterozygote of both alleles of a pair with neither influenced by the other, as in a person with blood group AB.
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how is a phenotype produced?
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pair of alleles interact
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when does polygenic inheritance occur?
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when a trait is controlled by several pairs of alleles::::
Each allele has same degree of influence |
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____ produces a bell shaped curve. & accounts for the range of phenotypes observed in skin & hair
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polygenic inheritance
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what are automomes aka autosomal chromosomes?
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chromosomes not involved in sex determination
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genes that are on the sex chromosomes are called?
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sex-linked genes
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what reduces the chromosome # from the diploid to the haploid?
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MEIOSIS
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what provides cynokinesis for animals & plant cells?
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animals= cleavage furrow
plants=cell plate |
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how many cell divisions are in mitosis & MEIOSIS?
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mitosis=1
MEOSIS=2 |
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how many daughter cells are produced in mitosis & MEOSIS?
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mitosis= (diploid/has 2 chromo in)
MEOSIS=4(haploid/has 1 chromo inside |
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in Miosis daughter cells are identical, in MEIOSIS they are?
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diff
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what is the function performed in the body by mitosis & MEOSIS?
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Mitosis= growth, develop
MEOSIS= production of gametes |
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DNA doubles btwn what phase?
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g1 & g2
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DNA to DNA
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replication
a -t t-a c-g g-c |
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DNA to RNA
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transcription
a--u t---a c--g g--c |
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codon means
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code on = mRNA
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Semiconservative
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half new DNA half original DNA
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rRNA
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makes peptide bonds or protein
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DNA polymerase
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add bases of DNA
checks for errors, -proofread -& fix DNA formation of polynucleotides of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of DNA or RNA as a template copies a piece of DNA. The newly-polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand and identical to the template's original partner strand |
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RNA polymerase
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Assist DNA polymerase to make DNA & RNA
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what is RNA primer
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short sequence of nucleotides
added to template DNA strand to initiate transcription of RNA |
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polygenic
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determined by multiple genes
like EYE COLOR |
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MEIOSIS makes 2 cell divisions & ___ daughter cells
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4
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2 nuclear divisions in MEIOSIS are known as
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MEOSIS 1
MEOSIS II |
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homologues
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same kind of chromosomes: look alike, carry genes for same strait
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During MEIOSIS 1, the homologues pair up & move closer ---this is called?
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synapsis FORM tetrads or bivalents
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Due to crossing over, what happens to the sister chromotids?
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no longer identical
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MEIOSIS 1 is divided into same 4 stages as mitosis except.......
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prophase is more complicated
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what is interkinesis?
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before meosis II, DNA replication does not occur---chromosomes already duplicated
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haploid cells
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are products of meiosis II mature & become gametes in animals
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sperm & egg examples of which stage?
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haploid
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Polymer of nucleotides, having deoxyribose, nitrogen base & phosphate group
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DNA DOUBLE stranded
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4 nucleotides in DNA
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A-adenine
T-thymine C-cytosine G-guanine |
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RNA is made up of?
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ribose, phosphate group & nitrogen base
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___ serves as a template for its own replication & for making RNA
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DNA
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DNA replication is called
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semiconservative replication
daughter stand has new stand & parent stand |
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who brings amino acids to the ribosome?
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tRNA
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who carries the coded sequence of bases to the ribosome?
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mRNA-messenger
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who makes the ribosomes?
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rRNA
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point shift
frame shift |
point shift= change in single nucleotide
frame shift = 1 or more nucleotides inserted or deleted from DNA-can make not functional |
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alternative form of gene has same positions on chromosomes & affect same trait
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allele
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sperm & egg only carry 1 allele for each inherited trait cause the 2 allele pair segregates during the production of gametes
THIS IS KNOWN AS |
law of segregation
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