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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
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adipose tissue |
a type of connective tissue whose cells contain fat |
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blood |
a type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended |
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bone |
a type of connective tissue consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts |
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cardiac muscle |
a type of treated muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart |
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cartilage |
a flexible connective tissue consisting of living cells and collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix |
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connective tissue |
animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, which they produce |
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digestive system |
the organ system involved in ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes |
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epithelial tissue |
a sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs, body cavities, and external surfaces; also called epithelium |
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fibrous connective tissue |
a dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments |
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homestasis |
the steady state of body functioning; a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay between outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes |
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integumentary system |
the organ system consisting of the skin and its derivatives, such as hair and nails in mammals. The integumentary system helps portent the body from drying out, mechanical injury, and infection |
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interstitial fluid |
an aqueous solution that surrounds body cells through which materials pass back and forth between the blood and the body tissues |
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loose connective tissue |
the most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying kisses and functions as packing material holding organs in place |
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muscle tissue |
tissue consisting of long muscle cells that con contract, either on its own or when stimulated by nerve impulses; the most abundant tissue in a typical animal. See skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
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muscular system |
the organ system that includes all the skeletal muscles in the body. (cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are components of other organ systems) |
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negative feedback |
a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological viable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. Negative feedback is a common control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them |
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nervous tissue |
tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells called glia |
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neuron |
a nerve cell; the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system, specialize for carrying signals from one location in the body to another |
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organ |
a specialized structure composed of several different types of tissues that together perform specific functions |
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organ system |
a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
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physiology |
the study of the functions of an organism's structures |
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reproductive system |
the organ system responsible for reproduction |
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respiratory system |
the organ system that functions in changing gases with the environment. It supplies the blood with O2 and disposes of CO2 |
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skeletal muscle |
a type of striated muscle attached to the skeleton; generally responsible for voluntary movements of the body |
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smooth muscle |
a type of muscle lacking striations; responsible for involuntary body activities |
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tissue |
an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both |
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urinary system |
the organ system that forms and excretes urine while regulating the amount of water and ions in the body fluid |
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alimentary canal |
a complete digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus |
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appendix |
a small, finger-like extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity |
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basal metabolic rate (bmr) |
the number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel its essential body processes for a given time |
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bile |
a mixture of substances that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fat and aids in their digestion |
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bolus |
a lubricated ball of chewed food |
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cecum |
a blind out pocket at the beginning of the large intestine |
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chyme |
the picture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach |
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duodenum |
the first portion of the vertebrate small intestine after the stomach, where chyme from the stomach mixes with bile and digestive enzymes |
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epiglottis |
a flap of elastic cartilage that protects the entrance to the trachea. Normally, the epiglottis is positioned to allow air to enter the trachea; it changes position when food is swallowed, allowing food to enter the esophagus and preventing food from entering the trachea |
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esophagus |
a muscular tube that conducts food by peristalsis, usually from the pharynx to the stomach |
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essential amino acid |
an amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food; 8 amino acids are essential for the human adult |
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essential fatty acid |
an unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make |
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essential nutrient |
a substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot synthesize it from any other material. In humans, there are essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids |
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filter feeder |
an aquatic animal that strains small food particles from the water as it is pumped through a sieve-like structure; a type of suspension feeder |
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fluid feeder |
an animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism |
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gastrin |
a digestive hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice |
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gastrovascular cavity |
a central compartment with a single opening, the mouth; functions in both digestion and nutrient distribution and man also unction in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange |
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gizzard |
a pouch-like organ is a digestive tract where food is mechanically ground |
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hepatic portal vein |
a blood vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from capillaries surrounding the intestine directly to the liver |
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high-density lipoprotein (hl) |
a cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of thousands of cholesterol molecules and other lipids bound to a protein. HDL scavenges excess cholesterol |
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kilocalorie (kcal) |
a quantity of heat equal to 1000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a calorie |
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large intestine |
the portion of the alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces |
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low-density lipoprotein (ldl) |
a cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of thousands of cholesterol molecules and other lipids bound to a protein. An LDL particle transports cholesterol from the liver for incorporation into cell membranes |
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metabolic rate |
the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
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microvillus |
one of the many microscopic projections on the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine. Microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine |
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oral cavity |
the mouth of an animal |
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pancreas |
a gland with dual functions: the digestive portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood |
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peristalsis |
rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles; propels food through a digestive tract and also enables many animals (such as earthworms) to crawl |
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pharynx |
the organ in a digestive tract that receives food from the oral cavity; in terrestrial vertebrates, the region of the throat that is a common passageway from air and food |
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rectum |
the terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated |
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ruminant |
an animal (such as a cow or sheep) with multiple stomach compartments housing microorganisms that can digest cellulose |
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small intestine |
the longest section of the alimentary canal; principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of foo macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients |
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sphincter |
a ringlike band of muscle fibers that regulates passage between some compartments of the alimentary canal |
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stomach |
an organ in a digestive tract that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion |
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substrate feeder |
an organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food |
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villus |
a finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine; projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. Large numbers of villi increase the surface areas of these organs |
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vitamin |
an organic nutrient that an organism requires in small quantities. Many vitamins serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes |
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alveolus |
one of the dead-end air sacs within the mammalian lung where gas exchange occurs |
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breathing control center |
the part of the medulla in the brain that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing |
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bronchiole |
a fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli |
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bronchus |
one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs |
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countercurrent exchange |
the transfer of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions |
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hemoglobin |
an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly bind O2 |
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larynx |
the upper portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also called the voice box |
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lung |
an infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes |
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negative pressure breathing |
a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs |
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partial pressure |
the press exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases; a measure of the relative amount of a gas |
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surfactant |
a substance secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid that coats the alveoli |
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trachea |
the windpipe; the portion of the respiratory tube that passes from the larynx to the two bronchi |
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tracheal system |
a system of branched, air-filled tubes in insects that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells |
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ventilations |
the flow of air or water over a respiratory surface |
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vital capacity |
the maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath |
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vocal cord |
a band of elastic tissue in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds. |
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anemia |
a condition in which an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells results in the body cells receiving too little oxygen |
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aorta |
a large artery that conveys blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart to other arteries |
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arteriole |
a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed |
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artery |
a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body |
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atherosclerosis |
a cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters |
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atrium |
a heart chamber that receives blood from the vein |
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AV (atrioventricular) node |
a region of specialized heart muscle tissue between that left and right atria where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 seconds before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract |
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blood pressure |
the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels |
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capillary |
a microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between an arteriole and a venue; enables the exchanges of nutrients an dissolves gases between the blood and interstitial fluid |
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capillary bed |
a network of capillaries in a tissue or organ |
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cardiac cycle |
the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart |
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cardiac output |
the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart |
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cardiovascular disease |
disorders of the heart and blood vessels |
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cardiovascular system |
a closer circulatory system with a heart and a branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins |
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circulatory system |
the organ system that transports materials such as nutrients, O2, and hormones to body cells and transports CO2 and other wastes from body cells |
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closed circulatory system |
a circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid |
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diastole |
the stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood; see systole |
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double circulation |
a circulatory system with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit; ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs |
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erythrocyte |
a blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell |
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erythropoietin |
a hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocyte. It is secreted by the kidney when tissue of the body do not receive enough oxygen |
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fibrin |
the activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of a blood clot |
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heart attack |
the damage or death of cardiac muscle cells and the resulting failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body |
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heart rate |
the frequency of heart contraction, usually expressed in number of beats per minute |
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hypertension |
a disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high |
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inferior vena cava |
a large coin that returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart from the lower, or posterior, part of the body; see superior vena cava |
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leukemia |
a type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes |
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leukocyte |
a blood cell that functions in fighting infections (white blood cell) |
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open circulatory system |
a circulatory system in which blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes the tissues and organs directly. In an animal with an open circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are the same |
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phagocyte |
a white blood cell (neutrophil or macrophage) hat engulfs bacteria, foreign proteins, and the remains of dead body cells |
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plasma |
the liquid matrix of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended |
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platelet |
a pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a bone marrow cell. Platelets circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting |
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pulmonary circuit |
the branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs; see systemic circuit |
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pulmonary vein |
a blood vessel that conveys blood from a lung to the heart |
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pulse |
the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood during contraction of ventricles in systole |
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SA (sinoatrial) node |
pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium, that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract |
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single circulation |
a circulatory system with a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart |
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stem cell |
an unspecialized cell that can divide to produce an identical daughter cell and a more specialized daughter cell, which undergoes differentiation |
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stroke |
the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head |
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superior vena cava |
a large vein that returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart from the upper body and head; see inferior vena cava |
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systemic circuit |
the branch of the circulatory system that supplies oxygen-poor blood away from organs and tissues in the body; see pulmonary circuit |
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systole |
the contraction stage of the heart cycle, when the heart chambers actively pump blood; see diastole |
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vein |
in animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart. In plants, a vascular bundle in the leaf, composed of xylem and phloem |
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ventricle |
a heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart; a space in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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venule |
a vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and vein |
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